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But sfrczv his ashes to the wind, 

Whose s-zuord or voice has served mankind, 

And is he dead, zvhose glorious mi)id 

Lifts Jiiui on high? 
Jo live in hearts zve leave b hind. 

Is not to die. 



PUBLISHERS' NOTE. 



A NUMBER of letters and material have been re= 
ceived of a genealogical nature, with requests to in- 
corporate the same into this work. It is to be re- 
gretted that this cannot be done, as the object of this 
work is simply to preserve and perpetuate the names 
and biographical history of the most notable mem- 
bers of this family name. 

The preservation of such a record cannot fail to 
prove invaluable and a source of pride and interest 
not only to persons of the name but to the v^orld in 
general ; and this book may prove the foundation upon 
which a monumental work may be constructed. 



ORIGIN AND HISTORY V'"'- 

OF TITK 

N A :m: e: 

OF 

o i^ e: E ?< 

BIOGRAPHIES OF ALL THE MOST NOTED 
PERSONS OF THAT NAME. 



AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN OF 
SURNAMES AND FORENAAIES. 

TOGETHER WITH 

OYER FIVE HUNDRED CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN AND WOMEN 

AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE. 



Cbe Crescent family Record. 



To live in hearts we leave behind is not to die.'" 



CHICAGO, ILL.: 

AMERICAN publishers' ASSOCIATION. 



INTRODU CTION. 



NOW that we all have surnames, we are apt to for- 
get that it was not alwa3^s so. We cannot eas- 
ily realize the time when John, Thomas and Andrew, 
Mary and Abigail, were each satisfied \vith a single 
name, nor reflect that the use of two is not a refine- 
ment dating from an obscure and unkno\vn antiquity, 
but quite within the reach of record and history. 

Every name, no doubt, originally had a meaning, 
or was at first assumed or imposed from its real or 
supposed fitness, from some accidental circumstance, 
or from mere caprice. Each individual is distinguished 
from his fellows by his name. But for this system his- 
tory and biography could scarcely exist. 

Our proper name is our individuality; in our own 
thoughts and in the thoughts of those who know us, 
they cannot be separated. Our names are uttered, 
and at once, whether in connection with blame or 
praise, with threat or entreat3^, with hatred or love, 
we ourselves are affected by the ideas and feelings 
expressed. A few trifling words, in no way meant to 
apply to the man they describe, suffice to awaken the 
recollection of that man, his physical peculiarities, his 
moral character, and the most remarkable acts and 
events of his life; a few s\dlables will cause the tear 
to start afresh from the mother's eye, after years of 
consolation and resignation to her loss; they will sum- 
mon the tell-tale blush to the maiden's cheek, and she 
immediately thinks her secret is discovered; they will 
make a lover's heart beat more rapidly; rekindle the 
angry glance in an enem3^'s e\'e; and in a friend sep- 
arated from his friend, will renew all his past regrets 
and his fondest hopes. None the less rapidly do our 
thoughts connect a name with the idea of the thing to 



ii INTKOnUCTJON. 

which it belongs, be it land of birth, country, town, 
river, road, valley or hill. Dislike, desire, recollection of 
pain or pleasure, admiration, jealous\', kind feelings, 
national hatreds and love of country, one and all may 
be evoked by a single Avord, because the word repre- 
sents to us the very object which has created those 
emotions within us. Every person, even the most in- 
curious observer of words and things, must have re- 
marked the great variety'- that exists in the names of 
families. He cannot fail to notice that such names are 
of widely different significations, many being identical 
with names of places, offices, professions, trades, qual- 
ities, familiar natural objects and other things. There 
is probably no person capable of the least degree of re- 
flection who has not often, in idle moments, amused 
himself with some little speculation on the probable 
origin of his own name. It is not sufficient for a per- 
son of inquisitive mind that he bears such and such a 
surname because his father and his grandfather bore 
it; he will naturally feel desirous of knowing why and 
when their ancestors acquired it. 

What would the annals of inankind and the rec- 
ords of biography be if people had never borne any 
proper names? It would be a mere chaos of unde- 
fined incidents and an unintelligible mass of facts, with- 
out symmetry or beauty-, and without any interest at 
all for after ages. Indeed, without names, mankind 
would have wanted what is perhaps the greatest stim- 
ulous of which the mind is susceptible — the love of 
fame; and consequently, many of the mightiest achieve- 
ments in every department of human endeavor would 
have been lost to the \vorld. 

Many of our ancient and luodern institutions are 
intimately connected with the meaning and continued 
existence of proper names. It has been well said that 
hereditary names perpetuate the memory of ancestors 



INTRODUCTION. iii 

better than any other monument, an affectionate re- 
membrance this, surely, and one which fosters the cause 
of morality; they teach, or at any rate remind sons of 
their duty to be worthy of their ancestors. 

Though its importance be felt in all phases of our 
social life, the origin of proper names does not essen- 
tially belong to a. civilized condition. Undoubtedly it 
is intimately connected with the gift of speech. A man 
must call his children by a distinctive appellation, either 
when he speaks to them or when he speaks of them in 
their absence, and when a gesture and an inflection of 
the voice are not suflicient to indicate his meaning. 
The distinctive title which he uses can only be a name 
exclusively applicable to the individual meant; on the 
other hand, the father will recognize the name given to 
him by his children. Again, the domestic animal, man's 
intelligent companion in his field sports, and the watch- 
ful guardian of his dwelling; the brook that runs be- 
neath his home; the tree that shelters or the forest that 
conceals it; the hill or the vale near which it lies, \vill 
soon be named b}' those who wash to distinguish them 
from similar objects around. If other men come to live 
near the first family, they will receive a name and give 
one in return. 

However simple these names be at first, so simple 
that they express nothing beyond the degree of rela- 
tionship between father and mother and children, and 
the order of their birth in the case of the last; be they 
mere substantives used to point out more specially the 
dwelling and all that surrounds it; as the hut, the tree, 
or the brook — or even supposing that in the common 
intercourse which may exist between one family and its 
neighbor the only distinctive terms employed are we 
and the^', and further, that sun, fire, destruction, or 
thunder, designate the beneficent or angry deity — still 
the system of proper names already- exists in embr\'0, 



\ 



\ 



iv INTRODUCTION. 

and is ready to be further developed, even to the high- 
est degree of importance and intricacy, in proportion 
as the social principle itself becomes more extended and 
more complicated in its constitution. 

Add new members to the family; collect several fam- 
ilies together and form them into one tribe; place a 
number of tribes holding friendly relations with one 
another in a less limited tract of land; then will the 
spot occupied by each tribe, every village or cluster of 
inhabitants belonging to the same tribe, every hill and 
thicket and brook — in a word, the land and the gath- 
ering of men upon it assume proper names, just as the 
tribes had already done before^ and the families and 
the individuals that constituted them. 

From this outline of the first elements of social 
life, let us remove, in thought, for a moment, and place 
ourselves in the heart of civilized existence. The names 
of lands and dwellings have changed into the designa- 
tions of powerful states and magnificent cities; names 
which Avill be familiar for centuries after the grass has 
grown over and hidden even the ruins of their palaces 
and their fortresses and obliterated the very traces of 
their existence, and after political or naturally induced 
revolutions have depopulated, divided and totally dis- 
membered the provinces of mighty empires. Here the 
names of men distinguish the individual members of a 
great social body, magistrates, princes, chiefs of the 
great civil and political ^vhole; and among these names, 
all of them less or more important at present, there 
are some which hereafter shall be handed down to his- 
tory as a rich inheritance, an object of envy to the am- 
bitious, and a pattern of conduct to the wise. 



c:-!^ 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 35 



THE NAME OF GREEN. 

The old "Atte Greene," a name familiar enough without 
the prefix, may be set beside our "Plastows; " relics of the 
'Atte Pleistowe' or de la Pleystowe. The playstone (that is, 
playground), seems to have been the general term in olden 
times for the open piece of greensward near the center of the 
village where the May-pole stood, and where all the sports at 
holiday times and wake-tides were carried on. 

As every village had its green, the commonness of the name 
is easily accounted for. Grene as a personal name occurs in 
the Domesday Book. 

One of the first settlers in New England was Bartholomew^ 
Green, who was a proprietor in Cambridge, Mass., in 1634. 
He left a son named Nathaniel. 

Rev. Henry Green was a minister and scholar of Ipswich, 
Mass., in 1642 ; and in 1643 was paid for services against the 
Indians. 

In 1682 John Green, with his wife and children, settled in 
Charlestown, Mass. He became iiiling elder and town clerk. 

In 1635 John Green came to Ipswich in the Francis; and 
in 1635 John Green, a surgeon, came in the James. 

Joseph Green, in 1640, had the arbitration of certain busi- 
ness in Plymouth ; and in 1635 Samuel Green was a proprietor 
of Cambridge, Mass. 

William Green of Charlestown, Mass., was an administrator 
of children in 1643-44. In his will he leaves a double portion 
to his eldest son, John, and also what his great-grandfather 
had bequeathed him. 

COATS-OF-ARMS OF THE GREEN FAMILY. 

Arms:— Azure, three bucks trippant or. 

Crest: — A buck's head or. 

Motto: — Virtus semper viridis. 

THE GREENS IN AMERICA. 

A thorough perusal of the following life sketches of noted 
Greens, eminent in all walks of life, will reveal the fact that 
the Greens have been actively and intimately associated with 
the ecclesiastical, civil, industrial and commercial affairs of 
America ; and to become conversant with their history will 
naturally create in our children a source of pride in the name 
of Green heretofore unappreciated. 

As builders and merchants they have built cities and iUum- 






36 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

ined the marts of trade; in the field of science and medicine 
they liave obtained great prominence; in the arena of states- 
manship they have produced men of thought and men of ac- 
tion; while at the bar and in the administration of justice 
they have shown erudition and Avisdom. As clergymen, edu- 
cators and lecturers they have occupied high places ; as musi- 
cians, composers and artists they have contributed profusely 
to social life ; and as authors and poets they are worthy to be 
crowned with a laurel wreath of fame. Also as heroes of 
colonial, Revolutionary and later wars they have rendered 
patriotic service, each one of whom has added luster to the 
name of Green. 

GREEN, ADDIS EMMET, farmer, was born Oct. 17. 1827, 
in Livonia, N. Y. He is a successful farmer of Walled Lake, 
Oakland county, Mich. For twelve years he was assistant 
steward of the Michigan State Grange ; and has filled a num- 
ber of offices of trust and honor. 

GREENE, AELLA, journalist, author, poet, was born in 
1838, in Massachusetts. He is a journalist of Springfield, 
Mass. ; and for four years was on the staff of the Springfield 
Republican. His poetical works are Idyls of Freedom, River, 
Bird and Star; Conflict and Conquest; and Reminiscences. 
His novels are John Peters ; and Culminations. 

GREEN, ALBERT ARTHUR LAWRENCE, educator, 
chemist, was born Sept. 18, 1857, in Newark, Ohio. He has 
attained prominence as a noted educator; and is now dean 
and professor of chemistry in the school of pharmacy at Pur- 
due University of LaFayette, Ind. 

GREENE, ALBERT COLLINS, soldier, lawyer. United 
States senator, born April 15, 1791, in East Greenwich, R. 
I. In 1815 he was elected to the Rhode Island general assem- 
bly. In 1816 he was elected a brigadier-general of militia; 
and subsequently became a major-general. In 1822-25 he 
served again in the legislature of the state, and was chosen 
speaker. In 1825-43 he was attorney-general of the state; 
and in 1845-51 was a United States senator. He died Jan. 8, 
1863, in Providence, R. I. 

GREENE, ALBERT GORTON, lawyer, jurist, author, 
poet, was born Feb. 10, 1802, in Providence, R. I. He was for 
many years president of the Rhode Island Historical Society. 
?Te will bo loTig remembered by his popular lyric. Old Grimes 
is Dead. He was the author of Canonchet. He died Jan. 3, 
1868, in Cleveland, Ohio. 

GREENE, ASA, humorist, author, was born in 1788, in 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 37 

AAshbui'iiliam, ]\Iass. In 1830 he settled in New York city, 
where he became a bookseller; and for some time edited the 
New York Evening Transcript. He was the author of Life 
and Adventures of Dr. Dodimus Duckworth - Perils of Pearl 
Street; A Yankee Among the Nullifiers; A Glance at New 
York; Debtor's Prison; and Travels of Ex-Barber Fribbleton 
in America. He died in 1837, in New York city. 

GREEN, ASHBEL, clergyman, college president, author, 
was born July 6, 1762, in Hanover, N. J. He was a Presby- 
terian clergyman ; and president of Princeton College in 
1812-22. He was the author of Sermons from 1790 to 1836 ; 
Sermons on the Assembly's Catechism; and History of Pres- 
byterian Missions. He died May 19, 1848, in Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

GREEN, BARTHOLOMEW, printer, journalist, was born 
Oct. 12, 1666, in Cambridge, Mass. In 1704 he issued the first 
number of the Boston News Letter, which for fifteen years 
was the only ncAVspaper in the colonies. For about forty 
years he was printer for the government, and the foremost 
publisher in Boston. He died Dec. 28, 1732, in Boston. Mass. 

GREEN, BERIAH, reformer, author, was born in 1794, in 
New York state. He was a reformer and anti-slavery leader 
of Ohio and New York. He was the author of History of the 
Quakers; and Sermons and Discourses. He died May 4, 1874, 
in Whitestown, N. Y. 

GREENE, BUR WELL, mechanic, architect, was born about 
1770 in Virginia. He was a successful mechanic and noted 
architect of the South ; and filled a number of positions of 
honor and trust. He died about 1830 in Jasper county, Va. 

GREEN, BYRAM, lawyer, jurist, congressman, was born 
in New York. He served five years in the aseembly of New 
York state. He was a representative in congress in 1843-45 ; 
and subsequently was judge of a county court. He died 
Oct. 18, 1865, in Sodus, N. Y. 

GREENE, CHARLES EZRA, educator, engineer, author, 
was born Feb. 12, 1842, in Cambridge, Mass. He has been a 
professor of civil engineering in the university of Michigan 
since 1872. He is the author of Graphical Method for Anal- 
ysis of Bridge Trusses; Trusses and Arches; Notes on Ran- 
kine's Civil Engineering; and Structural Mechanics. 

GREEN, CHARLES HENRY, railroad president, invent- 
or, was born Oct. 21, 1837, in Dayton, Ohio. His hektograph 
is said to be the best invention ever used for reproducing 
writings and facsimile copies. In 1889 he was elected presi- 



38 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

dent of the Washington City and Point Lookout Railway 
Company. 

GREENE, CHARLES LYMAN, physician, surgeon, au- 
thor, was born Sept. 21, 1862, in Gray, Me. He is clinical 
professor of medical and physical diagnosis in the University 
of Minnesota ; and has attained success in the practice of medi- 
cine in St. Paul, Minn. He is medical director of the Minne- 
sota Mutual Life Insurance Company; attending physician 
at St. Luke's Hospital, the city and county hospital, the uni- 
versity free dispensary, and various other hospitals. He is 
the author of The Medical Examination for Life Insurance 
and Its Associated Clinical Methods; and numerous Mono- 
graphs on medical topics. 

GREEN, CHARLES MAXWELL, electrical engineer, in- 
ventor, was born June 6, 1869, in Lawrenceville, N. J. He 
is the inventor of Multi-Circuit Connection ; series arc sight- 
ing and many others. He is a w^ell known electrical engineer 
of Lynn, ]\Iass. ; and is now electrical engineer for the Brush 
Electric Company of Cleveland, Ohio; and also with the 
General Electric Company. 

GREEN, CHARLES MONTRAVILLE, physician, sur- 
geon, was i)orn Dec. 18, 1850, in Medford, Mass. He has at- 
tained prominence as one of the foremost physicians of New 
England, at Boston, Mass. He is assistant professor of ob- 
stetrics in Harvard University; and secretary of the faculty 
of medicine. He is senior visiting physician for diseases of 
women at the Boston City Hospital ; and is a prominent mem- 
ber of various medical societies and patriotic associations. 

GREENE, CHARLES SAMUEL, editor, author, was born 
Dee. 6, 1856, in Bridgeport, Conn. He is the author of Poems 
in California; Argonaut; Lend a Hand; Our Continent; and 
/ San Franciscan. 
\j GREENE, E. G., educator. He is a noted educator in the 

South; and county school commissioner of Dooly county, Ga. 
He is prominent in the educational and public affairs of 
Vienna, Ga. ; and has filled a number of positions of honor. 

GREEN, ED J. L., banker. He is president First National 
Bank of San Marcos, Tex. ; and is prominent in the business 
and public affairs of his citv, countv and state. 

GREEN, EDWIN MILTON, lawyer, was born Feb, 10, 
1863, in Delaware county, Iowa. He is a successful lawyer 
of Vancouver, Wash. ; and for three years was city attorney 
of that place. 

GREEN, FRANCIS ]\IATTHEWS, naval officer, author, 



[ HISTORICAL AND BlOGRAPniCAL. 3d 

Was horn Feb. 23, 1835, in Boston, Mass. Tie was the author 
of The Navigation of the Carribbean Sea; Telegraphic Deter- 
mination of Longitudes; and List of Geographical Positions. 

GREENE, FRANCIS VINTON,' soldier, author, was born 
June 27, 1850, in Providence, R. I. He was a captain in the 
United States army; and resigned in 1886. During the war 
with Spain in 1898-99 he served as colonel Seventy-first Regi- 
ment New York Volunteers; was a brigadier-general in com- 
mand at Manila; major-general in command of a division in 
Havana ; and resigned Feb. 28, 1899. He is the author of the 
Russian Army and Its Campaigns in Turkey in 1877-78; 
Sketches of Army Life in Turkey ; The Mississippi Campaign, 
a military work; and Life of General Nathaniel Greene. 

GREEN, FREDERICK W., congressman, was born in 
Maryland. He removed to Ohio, and was a representative in 
congress from that state in 1851-55. 

GREEN, GEORGE F., physician, surgeon, was born March ^ 
5, 1846, in Wilkinson county, Ga. In 1871 he graduated from 
the University of Maryland, school of medicine. He is a noted 
physician of Dublin, Ga.; has been county physician; and is 
the proprietor of a drug store. 

GREENE, GEORGE W., educator, lawyer, jurist, con- 
gressman, author, born July 4, 1831, in Orange county, N. Y. 
He came to the bar in I860; and in 1861-64 was judge of 
Orange county. He was elected a representative from New 
York to the forty-first congress. 

GREENE, GEORGE WASHINGTON, educator, author, 
was born April 8, 1811, in East Greenwich, R. I. He was pro- 
fessor of American history at Cornell university from 1872. 
He was the author of Historical Studies; The German Ele- 
ment in the American War of Independence; Short History 
of Rhode Island; Historical View of the American Revolu- 
tion ; Life of General Nathaniel Greene ; Biographical Studies ; 
and History and Geography of the Middle Ages. He died 
Feb. 2, 1883, in East Greenwich, R. I. 

GREEN, GEORGE WASHINGTON, physician, surgeon, 
was born March 6, 1837, in Madison, Ohio. In 1862 he gradu- 
ated from University of Michigan with degree of M. D. ; and 
in 1881 from Kalamazoo College with degree of A. M. He 
has attained success in his profession in Michigan at Battle 
Creek; and in 1864-65 was assistant surgeon Twenty-eighth 
Michigan Regiment Volunteers. He makes a specialty of eye, 
ear, nose and throat troubles. 

GREENE, HENRY, banker. He is vice-president Bur- 



40 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

lington Savings Bank of Burlington, Vt. ; and has filled num- 
erous positions of trust and honor. 

GREENE, HENRY ALEXANDER, soldier, was born Aug. 
5, 1856, in Matteawan, N. Y. In 1879 he graduated from the 
West Point Military academy; and was appointed second 
lieutenant of the Twentieth Infantry; and until 1881 did 
garrison and field duty. In 1882-85 he was assistant in- 
structor in mathematics in the infantry and cavalry school. 
In 1886 he became first lieutenant; and in 1891 was promoted 
to captain of infantry. He served throughout the Santiago 
campaign in Cuba; in 1899-1900 he was assistant secretary 
and aid-de-camp to General Otis; and in 1900 became major 
of infantry at Manila. He is now assistant adjutant-general 
in the war department at Washington, D. C. 

GREEN, HENRY H., physician, surgeon, legislator, was 
born July 23, 1837, in Paines Hollow, N. Y. In 1859 he grad- 
uated from Geneva Medical College, N. Y. He has attained 
success in his profession in the state of New York at Paines 
Hollow; and has filled numerous offices of trust and honor. 
In 1891-92 he was a member of the New York state legislature, 

GREENE, H. NOYES, lawyer, was born in 1871 in Troy, 
N. Y. In 1893 he graduated from Williams College; and in 
1895 from the Albany Law School. He has been police jus- 
tice; and justice of the peace in Lansingburgh, for a num- 
ber of years. He takes an active part in the public affairs 
of his city; and has written several legal works. 

GREENE, HERBERT WILBER, musician, composer, au- 
thor, lecturer, was born May 20, 1851, in Holyoke, Mass. He 
is the founder and director of the Metropolitan College of 
Music; and is the author of many short stories and verses; 
and is a composer and lecturer on musical and historical sub- 
jects. 

GREENE, HOMER, lawyer, author, poet, was born Jan. 
10, 1853, in Ariel, Pa. He is author of The Blind Brother ; 
Burnham Breaker; Coal and the Coal Mines; and The River- 
park Rebellion ; What My Lover Said ; My Daughter Louise ; 
The Banner of the Sea. 

GREEN, HORACE, physician, college president, author, 
was born Dec. 24, 1802, in Crittenden, Rutland county, Vt. 
He was president of the New York Medical College in 1850-60. 
He was author of Diseases of the Air Passages; Pathology and 
Treatment of Croup ; Surgical Treatment of the Polypi of the 
Larynx; and Report of a Hundred Cases of Pulmonary Dis- 
eases. He died Nov. 29, 1866, in New York city. 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 41 

GREEN, HORACE P., lawyer, banker, was born in 1854, 
in Delaware county. Pa. Since 1879 he has been actively in 
the practice of law in Media, Pa. He has acted as guardian, 
executor, administrator, trustee and assignee of many estates 
and properties. He was one of the organizers of the Carter 
National Bank, was a director and vice-president of that in- 
stitution; and for many years was president of the Media 
board of trade. For a time he was president of the Media 
board of education; and is now its treasurer. 

GREEN, HORTON BUXTON, educator, clergyman, com- 
poser, M^as born Oct. 29, 1852, in Johnstown, Ohio. For a while 
he was engaged in educational work, and since 1885 has been 
a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church. He has filled 
pastorates in the Northwest Iowa conference in Ashton, In- 
wood, Rock Valley, Sutherland, Amelia and Radcliffe. He is 
the author of a number of sacred and popular songs, both of 
the words and music, which have appeared in sheet form and 
in several standard collections. 

GREEN, I. L., congressman, was born in Massachusetts. 
He was a representative in congress from Massachusetts in 
1805-09, and again from 1811 to 1813. He died in 1841. 

GREEN, INNIS, congressman, was born in Pennsylvania. 
He was a representative in congress from Pennsylvania in 
1827-31. 

GREENE, MRS. ISABELLA CATHERINE, author, was 
born March 17, 1842, in Pittsfield, Vt. She is the author of 
A New England Conscience; Adventures of an Old Maid; A 
New England Idyl; The Hobbledehoy; The Study of a Grow- 
ing Boy; and Mr. and Mrs. Hannibal Hawkins. 

GREEN, JACOB, educator, scientist, author, was born July 
26, 1790, in Philadelphia, Pa. He was a Philadelphia scien- 
tist; and was professor of chemistry in Jeft'erson ^ledieal Col- 
lege. He was the author of Chemical Diagrams; Chemical 
Philosophy; Astronomical Recreations; Trilobites; Botany 
of the United States ; Notes of a Traveler ; and Diseases of 
the Skin. He died Feb. 1, 1841, in Philadelphia, Pa. 

GREEN, JAMES STEPHEN, lawyer, congressman, United 
States senator, was born Feb. 28, 1817, in Fauquier county, 
Va. He was elected a member of congress in 1846, serving 
through two terms. He was United States senator in 1857-61. 
He died Jan. 9, 1870, in St. Louis, Mo., and lies buried in 
Monticello, Mo. 

GREEN, JOHN ORNE, physician, author, was born May 
14, 1799, in Maiden, Mass. In 1868-86 he was senior physician 



42 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

of St. John's hospital. He was the author of History of 
Smallpox in Lowell; ^Memorial of John C. Dalton ; An Ad- 
dress Before the Citizens of Lowell at the Dedication of the 
Green School House; Lowell and Harvard College. He died 
Dec. 23. 1886, in Lowell, Mass. 

( JREEN, JOSEPH, patriot, autlioi-, poet, was born in 1706, 
in Boston, Mass. In 1760 he was one of the Boston memorialists 
who arrayed themselves against the crown. He was the au- 
thor of the Wonderful Lament of Old Mr. Tanner ; and Poems 
and Satires. He died Dec. 11, 1780, in London, England. 

GREEN, JOSEPH \V., manufacturer, banker, was born 
Aug. 23, 1848, in Marblehead, Mass. He is treasurer of the 
Glendale Elastic Fabrics Company of Easthampton, Mass. ; 
a director in the First National Bank, Easthampton Savings 
Bank, Easthampton Public Library, and other corporations. 
His grandfather, Joseph W. Green, was in active service in 
the war of 1812 as Major Green; and he founded the National 
Grand Bank of Marblehead, Mass. 

GREENE, L. H., architect. He is a noted architect of New- 
foundland, at St. John's. 

GREEN, LEWIS WARNER, clergyman, college president, 
author, was born Jan. 28, 1806, in Boyle county, Ky. In 
1848-56 he Avas president of Hampden Sidney college. He 
was the author of Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity. 
He died May 26, 1863, in Danville, Ky. 

GREENE, NATHANAEL, soldier, was born May 27, 1742, 
in AVarwick, R. I. He never gained a decided victory, yet 
his retreats, for which he is noted, had the effect of successes. 
Congress voted him. the highest honors, and he was consid- 
ered, next to Washington, the greatest general of the revolu- 
tion. He died June 19, 1786, near Savannah, Ga. Congress 
voted that a monument be erected to his memory in Washing- 
ton, D. C, which has not yet been done. 

GREEN, P. M., lawyer, banker, legislator, was born in 
Indiana. He was a successful member of the bar in his native 
state of Indiana. He subsequently settled in California ; and 
became a member of the California state legislature. He is 
president of the First National Bank of Pasadena, Cal. ; and 
is vice-president of the Los Angeles National Bank. He has 
filled numerous positions of trust and honor in his city, 
county and state. 

GREENE, R. M., banker. He is president of the Bank of 
Opelika, Ala. He is prominent in the business and public 
affairs of his city, county and state ; and has filled a number 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 43 

of positions of trust and honor. 

GREENE, RAY, lawyer. United States senator, was born 
Feb. 2, 1765, in Warwick, R. I. In 1794-97 he was attorney- 
general of Rhode Island. He was United States senator in 
congress from Rhode Island in 1797-1801, when he resigned. 
He died Jan. 11, 1849, in Warwick, R. I, 

GREENE, RICARD LATHAM, farmer, physician, was 
born May 31, 1831, in Clinton county, N. Y^. He is a success- 
ful farmer of Bancroft, Mo. ; has a large practice as a physi- 
cian; and is prominent in the business and public affairs of 
his city, county and state. 

GREEN, ROBERT OSCAR, manufacturer, was born Sept. 
19, 1856, in New Vienna, Ohio. He is a manufacturer of shoes 
at Fort Dodge, Iowa ; and prominent in the business and pub- 
lic affairs of his city, county and state. 

GREEN, ROBERT STOCKTON, lawyer, congressman, 
was born March 25, 1831, at Princeton, N. J. In 1857-68 he 
was city attorney of Elizabeth, N. J. ; was surrogate of Union 
county in 1862-67 ; and was presiding judge of Union county 
court of common pleas in 1868-73. He was a delegate to the 
democratic national conventions of 1860 and 1880; and in 
1884 was elected a representative from New Jersey to the 

forty-ninth congress as a democrat. He died , 1895, in 

Elizabeth, N. J. 

GREENE, ROGER SHERMAN, soldier, lawyer, jurist, 
philanthropist, was born Dec. 14, 1840, in Boston, Mass. He 
graduated in 1859 from Dartmouth College; and in 1888 re- 
ceived the degree of LL.D. from University of Washington. 
He entered the Union army for the war of the rebellion, and 
was promoted to first lieutenant and captain. He was judge 
advocate of the district of Vicksburg at the close of 1864 and 
beginning of 1865, and judge advocate of the western division 
of Louisiana from 1865 until retirement from service. While 
residing in Kenosha, Wis., in 1870, he was appointed associate 
justice of the supreme court of AVashington territory, residing 
at Olympia; and was twice reappointed, holding the office 
until 1879, when he was appointed chief justice of the same 
court, residing at Seattle, Washington territory. In 1883 he 
was reappointed chief justice. 

GREEN, RUFUS SMITH, clergyman, college president, 
author, was born in 1848, in New York. He is a Presbyterian 
minister; president of Elmira College for Women since 1893, 
He is the author of History of Morristown, New Jersey ; Our 
Church at Work ; The Christian Steward ; and Both Sides, or 



44 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

Jonathan and Absolom. 

GREEN, SAMUEL ABBOTT, physician, librarian, au- 
thor, was born March 16, 1830, in Groton, Mass. He was a 
surgeon in the army during- the civil war ; was mayor of Bos- 
ton in 1882; is a noted physician of Boston; for ten years 
was city physician; and since 1868 has been librarian of the 
Massachusetts Historical Society. He is the author of The 
Early Records of Groton; History of INIedicine in Massachu- 
setts; Groton Historical Series; and other works. 

GREEN, SAMUEL B., educator, horticulturist, author, 
was born Sept. 15, 1859, in Chelsea, Mass. He has been for 
ten years professor of horticulture in the university of Minne- 
sota. He is the author of Amateur Fruit Growing ; Vegetable 
Gardening; and other works. 

GREENE, SAMUEL DANA, naval officer, was born Feb. 
11, 1839, in Cumberland, Md. He received a vote of thanks 
from the legislature of Rhode Island for his gallant services 
in the action between the Monitor and Merrimac. He died 
Dec. 11, 1884, in Portsmouth, N. H. 

GREENE, SAMUEL HARRISON, educator, clergyman, 
college president, was born Dec. 25, 1845, in Enosburgh, Vt. 
During 1894-95 he was president of the Columbian university ; 
and from 1900-1902. 

GREEN, SAMUEL McKNIGHT, lawyer, jurist, was born 
Aug. 18, 1830, in Cape Girardeau county, Mo. For several 
years he was engaged in mercantile business ; then began the 
active practice of law ; and was twice elected county superin- 
tendent of public schools. For fifteen years he was city attor- 
ney of Cape Girardeau. His ancestors were soldiers in the 
revolutionary war and the war of 1812. His son, Samuel M. 
Green, Jr., is a noted educator of Missouri; and is superin- 
tendent of the ^rissonri School for the Blind at St. Louis. 

GREENE, SAMUEL STILLMAN, educator, author, was 
born May 3, 1810, in Belchertown, Mass. He was an educator 
of Providence ; and professor at Brown university in 1851-83. 
He was the author of Analysis of the English Language ; and 
several text-books on English Grammar; and a genealogy of 
his family. He died Jan. 24, 1883, in Providence, R. I. 

GREEN, SAMUEL SAVETT, librarian, author, was born 
Feb. 20, 1837, in Worcester, Mass. In 1871 he was chosen 
librarian of the free public library of Worcester. He was one 
of the founders of the American Library association, and its 
president in 1891. He has lectured at the school of literary 
economy of Columbia college. He is the author of two books. 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 45 

GREEN, SANFORD MOON, lawyer, jurist, author, was 
born May 30, 1807, in Rensselaer county, N. Y. He was 
elected to the Micliigan state senate for two years; and re- 
ceived the election in 1845. In 1848 he was appointed a .judge 
of the supreme court; and performed the duties of circuit 
judge for ten years. He subsequently served as circuit judge 
for nearly twenty-five years. He is the author of A Treatise 
on the Practice of the Circuit Courts of Michigan ; A Treatise 
on the Practice of the Courts of Common Law of Michigan, 
in two volumes; A Treatise on Townships and the Power and 
Duties of Township Officers; and A Treatise on the Nature, 
Causes, Treatment and Prevention of Crime. 

GREENE, MRS. SARAH PRATT, author, was born July, 
1856, in Simsbury, Conn. She is the author of Cape Cod 
Folks; Towhead and Some Other Polks; Peter Patrick; and 
Vesty of the Basins; Last Chance Junction; Leon Pontifex; 
Stuart and Bamboo; and The Moral Imbeciles. 

GREEN, SETH, pisciculturist, author, was born March 19, 

1817, in Rochester, N. Y. He was a noted pisciculturist; and 

in 1870-88 the superintendent of the New York fish commis- 

" sion. He was the author of Trout Culture; Home Fishing 

, V and Home Waters; and Fish Hatching and Fish Catching. 

:>p' He died Aug. 20, 1888, in Rochester, N. Y. 

GREEN, T. A., banker. He is president Citizens' Bank of 
New Berne, N. C. ; and is prominent in the business and pub- 
" ^^Jic afi'airs of his city, county and state. 

5 GREEN, THOMAS, governor, was born in England. He 

^^' was one of the Roman Catholic pilgrims that accompanied 

> Leonard Calvert to Maryland in 1634; was appointed privy 

^ ^ councillor in 1639 ; and governor in 1637. He died in Mary- 

X/ land. I 4 

? GREEN, THOMAS, soldier, was born in 18i67 in Virginia. 
In 1855-58 he was clerk of the supreme court of Texas. He 
joined the confederate army; and was appointed major-gen- 
^ eral for distinguished services. He died April 14, 1864, in 
^Y Plaii's Plantation, La. 

^ -^ GREEN, THOMAS E., clergyman, bishop, was born Dec. 

V:> 27, 1857, in Harrisville, Pa. He fills a pastorate in the Grace 

^ Episcopal Church of Cedar Rapids, Iowa; and built up the 

largest parish in the state. He was elected bishop of Iowa 

in 1898. 

GREEN, THOMAS JEFFERSON, soldier, state senator, 
author, was born in 1801, in Warren county, N. C. He re- 
moved to Texas early in life ; and served as brigadier-general 



46 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

of volunteers in the war of Texan independence. He removed 
to California several years later; served in the state senate; 
and was major-general of the militia. He was the author of 
The Mier Expedition. He died Dee. 13, 1863, in Warren 
countv, N. C. 

GREENE, TIIO]\IAS M., clergyman. He was a delegate 
to congress from the territory of Mississippi from 1802 to 
1803. 

GREEN, AVHARTON JACKSON, soldier, agriculturist, 
congressman, was born about 1840, in St. IMarks, Fla. Upon 
the breaking out of the civil war he enlisted in the confederate 
army; and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. He was a 
presidential elector in 1868. He purchased the famous Tokay 
Vineyard of Cumberland county, N. C. He was elected a 
representative from North Carolina to the forty-eighth and 
forty-ninth congresses as a democrat. 

GREENE, WILLIAM, governor, was born March 16, 1695, 
in War^^dck, R. I. He became deputy governor of Rhode 
Island in 1740 ; and became governor in 1743. He died Feb. 
22, 1758, in Providence, R. I. 

GREENE, AVILLIAM, lawyer, jurist, state legislator, gov- 
ernor, was born Aug. 16, 1731, in Warwick, R. I. He was 
chief justice of the colony ; and was governor of Rhode Island 
in 1778-86. He died Nov. 29, 1809, in Warwick, R. I. 

GREEN, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, soldier, physician, 
author, was born Jan. 5, 1834, in Augusta, Ga. In 1861 he 
entered the confederate army; and afterward became chief 
surgeon. He was the inventor of a hypodermic syringe ; the 
designer of a hypodermic syringe-needle; and of Green's 
pocket cases. He is the author of papers on the Small-Pox ; 
Vaccination and Its Results ; and The Use of the Hypodermic 
Syringe. 

GREENE, WILLIAM BATCHELDER. soldier, clergy- 
man, author, was born April 4, 1819, in Haverhill, Mass. In 
early life he was a member of the noted Brook Farm com- 
munity. He was subsequently a Unitarian minister ; and dur- 
ing the civil war served as colonel of a Massachusetts regi- 
ment. He was the author of Remarks on the Science of His- 
tory; Theory of the Calculus; Socialistic, etc.. Fragments; 
and Reflections and Modern Maxims. He died May 30, 1878, 
in England. 

GREENE, WILLIAM BRENTON, JR., educator, author, 
was born Aug. 16, 1854, in Providence, R. I. He is the author 
of Christian Science, or Mind Cure; The Function of the 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 47 

Reason in Christianity ; Reality, same ; The Function of the 
Miracle ; and The Bible Student. 

GREENE, WILLIAM ELLSWORTH, lawyer, legislator, 
jurist, was born Nov. 14, 1836, in Farmington, Maine. He 
graduated from Bowdoin College, and adopted the profession 
of law. In 1866-67 he was a member of the California state 
legislature; and in 1867-74 was county judge and ex-officio 
probate judge of San Joaquin county, Cal. He then resigned 
and resumed the practice of law. In 1879 he was elected 
judge of the supreme court of California in and for Alameda 
county; and since that time has been thrice re-elected, his 
present term of office expiring in 1903. He has been at times 
largely interested in mining, lumbering and stock-raising. 

GREEN, WILLIAM ELZA, physician, surgeon, was born 
March 18, 1845, in Charlestown, Ind. In 1872 he graduated 
from Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, 0., and in 1873 
from Piute Medical College of that city. He is president 
Pulaski County Homeopathic Medical Society; is a member 
of several medical associations; and has become noted in his 
profession at Little Rock, Ark. 

GREENE, WILLIAM L., lawyer, jurist, congressman, was 
born Oct. 3, 1849, in Pike county, Ind. In 1895 he was elected 
judge of the twelfth judicial district of Nebraska; and was 
elected to the fifty-fifth and fifty-sixth congresses as a pop- 
ulist, of which party he was one of the founders. 

GREEN, WILLIS DUFF, physician, was born Jan. 18, 
1821, in Danville, Ky. He attended the Center college of his 
native city, and graduated in medicine from the medical de- 
partment of the Transylvania university of Lexington, Ky., 
and the Medical college of Ohio. He is a successful physician 
of Mount Vernon, 111. ; grand master of the Independent Or- 
der of Odd Fellows of Illinois, and a representative to the 
grand lodge of the United States. 



^ 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 49 

All proper names had originally a peculiar and 
appropriate meaning. Some persons might feel dis- 
posed to argue that there is nothing in the ordinary 
course of things to prevent the giving of names from 
sheer whim and without any meaning ; but it is quite 
as diffijult to imagine the absence of motive and of 
fixed guiding principles in the choice of a name as it 
is in any other matter. It would be contrary to Man's 
nature to denote the object of his thoughts by sounds 
which produce no impression upon his memory, no 
representative idea in his mind. If the principle 
asserted, then, hold good in the matter of common 
nouns, much more must it be true with regard to the 
proper name, whose characteristic is, as we have said, 
that it places under our very eyes as it were, the 
individual object to which it is applied. 

That some definite idea should belong to the name 
when uttered, is so much needed by men in general 
that the natives of North America are in the habit of 
giving a name selected from their own language to 
any stranger deemed worthy of their especial notice. 
To them his own name does not sufficiently describe 
him, because it probably conveys no idea connected 
with his physical appearance. An anecdote is related 
of the Imaum of Muscat who when about to appoint 
a private physician asked his name. " Vincenzo," was 
the physician's reply. Not understanding it, the prince 
requested that its meaning should be explained in 
Araliic. The Italian gave the meaning, as Mansour, 
or Victorious, and the prince delighted with the happy 
omen offered by the name, ever after called him 
"Sheik Mansour." 

If we glance next at the records of travellers in 
distant countries, we shall find that whether they be 
private individuals or men engaged in scientific in- 
quire, they never give a name to a people, a country, 



50 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

an island, or an unknown rock, without some defi 
nite reason. Some allusion is made in it to physical 
conformation, to dress, to customs, to external pecu- 
liarities, or to certain circumstances which made the 
discovery a remarkable one. This natural habit has 
rarely been deviated from except when a desire has 
been felt to erect some geographical monument on 
distant shores, in honor of some denizen of the heavens; 
or to record, in a lasting form, some contemporary 
event, or the name of some contemporary character 
of distinction; or, lastly, to perpetuate the memory 
of a benefactor of his kind, and to testify of a na- 
tion's gratitude to a fellow-countrj'man of great pre- 
eminence. The long catalogue of proper names, with 
a meaning, which may yet be found among our older 
nations, in spite of mixture and corruption of races; 
and the longer catalogue disclosed by etymological 
inquiry, fully bear out these remarks. Schegel, a very 
learned philosopher, has traced descriptive epithets in 
almost all Hindoo names. So marked was the exist- 
ence of these meanings among the Hebrews, that 
their literature is strangely tinged by their influence. 
The older names among the Arabs, and those since 
introduced into general use, are highly significative; 
the face is acknowledged in the case of Grecian names, 
and the remark is equally true of all names derived 
from Teutonic origin. The most distant nations in 
our own more immediate circle of civilization exhibit 
no difference in this respect. Most of the natives of 
North America are named after some animal; during 
their lifetime they receive another title when they 
have earned it by some deed of daring, which it ex- 
plains and of which it is the token. The name of a 
most powerful chief in one of the Marquesas Islands, 
contains an allusion to the shape of a canoe, in the 
management of which he excelled. Thunder is the 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 51 

name of the King of the Chenooks, a warlike triljc 
who live on the left bank of the river Columbia. The 
Kamtchadales, Koriakes, and Kuriles, have all of 
them significant names. 

SURNAMES. 

In the first ages of the world a single name was 
sufficient for each individual; and that name was 
generally invented for the person, in allusion to the 
circumstances attending his birth, or to some personal 
quality he possessed, or which his parents fondly 
hoped he might in future possess. 

Christian names being given in infancj^, and by 
friends and relatives, cannot, as a general rule, have 
bad significations, or be associated with crime or mis- 
fortune. It is otherwise, however, with surnames. 
These will be found to be of all shades, from the best 
to the worst, the most pleasing to the most ridiculous. 
They originated later in life, after the character and 
habits of the individual had been formed, and after 
he had engaged in some permanent occupation, trade, 
or pursuit. They were given by the community in 
which he dwelt — by enemies as well as by friends. 

The first approach to the modern system of 
nomenclature is found in the assumption of the name 
of One's Sire in addition to his own proper name; 
as Caleb the son of Jephunneh. Sometiines the adjunct 
expressed the country or profession of the bearer; 
sometimes some excellence or blemish; as Diogenes 
the Cynic; or Dionysius the Tyrant. 

A mother's name, that of a parent, or of some 
remoter ancestor more illustrious than the father, 
have in the same way been used to form new names. 
A like attention has been paid to sentiments of friend- 
ship and gratitude. Sometimes the wife's name be- 
came the husband's surname. The name of the tribe 



52 ' ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

or people to which a man belonged might also be- 
come a surname. If any particular name described 
the locality of a man's residence or property, it may 
serve the same purpose. Personal acts and qualities 
have given rise to a great variety of surnames. 

Surnames are traceable to several chief sources. 
There will be seen evidences in physical and political 
geograplw that the designations of countries, moun- 
tains, rivers, districts, towns, villages, hamlets, are all 
associated with the names of persons whom we daily 
meet, suggesting to the thoughtful mind most inter- 
esting topics regarding the histories of families and 
places. 

Though the majority of our ancient family names 
are territorial, we have many large classes of excep- 
tions, and the origin of most of them is not at all 
doubtful. 

Surnames can scarcely be said to have been per- 
manentl3^ settled before the era of the Reformation. 
The keeping of parish registers was probably more 
instrumental than anything else in settling them; for 
if a person were entered under one name at baptism, 
it is not likely he would be married under another 
and buried under a third ; in some instances, prior to 
the keeping of parish registers, persons were recorded 
as having different names at different periods of their 
life. As to the derivations of surnames, it should be 
remembered, that places were named before families. 
You have only to examine any of those names which 
serve for lands and also for persons, to see this plainly. 
If you found the name of Cruickshanks, or Pretty- 
man, Black-mantle, or Great-head, 3^ou would not 
hesitate. These are evidently coined for persons, and 
you find no such names of land, or for the double 
purpose. But then you can have as little doubt that 
names like Church-hill, Green-hill, Hazel-wood, Sandi- 



ORIGIN OP THE SURNAME. 53 

lands, were first given to places; and when you find 
them borne both b\^ land and persons, you will con- 
clude the persons took them from the territories. In 
general then, when a place and a family have the 
same name it is the place that gives the name to the 
people, not the family to the place. This rule, which 
will not be disputed by any one who has bestowed 
some study or thought on the subject, has very few 
exceptions. 

There is a class of fables, the invention of a set 
of bungling genealogists, w^ho, by a process like that 
which heralds call canting — catching at a sound — pre- 
tend that the Douglases had their name from a Gaelic 
word, said to mean a dark gray man, but which 
never could be descriptive of a man at all; that the 
Forbeses were at first called For beast, because they 
killed a great bear; that Dal^^ell is from a Gaelic 
word, meaning "I dare;" that the Guthries were so 
called from the homely origin of gutting three had- 
docks for King David the Second's entertainment, 
when he landed very hungry on the Brae of Bervie 
from his French voyage. These clumsy inventions of 
a late age, if they were really meant to be seriously 
credited, disappear when we find from record that 
there were very ancient territories, and even parishes, 
of Douglas, Forbes, Dal3^ell, and Guthrie, long before 
the names came into use as family surnames. 

It was formerly customary to receive names from 
ancestors by compounding their name with a word 
indicating filial relationship. Names so compounded 
were termed patronymics, from Pater: father, and 
Onoma : a name — father being used in the sense of 
ancestor. When personal names merged into family 
appellations, patronymics became obsolete; or, more 
correctly, ceased to be formed. Before this change 
was effected, in case a man was called Dennis: bom 



54 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

on the Day of St. Dennis, sometimes his eldest son 
would be called Dennison, which in some cases, be- 
came Tennyson; and a man from a village in which 
was a church dedicated to St. Dennis was called 
Dennistoun. After the period in which descriptive 
names flourished, each of his children, whether male 
or female, would be called Dennis, so that this be- 
came literally a patron3anic, inasmuch as it was a 
name received from a father. Howbeit, onl^^ those 
names that were taken from a parent when such 
was not the rule are called patronjanics. Personal 
names lead the van as to all others, and are the 
basis of half their successors. Long after personal 
names were almost as widely diffused as persons, we 
find patronymics coming into use, the offspring of 
necessity arising out of multiplicity. 

But when we come to realize that nearly one- 
third of Englishmen were known either by the name 
of William or John about the year 1300, it will be 
seen that the pet name and nick form were no freak, 
but a necessity. We dare not attempt a category', 
but the surnames of to-day tell us much. Will was 
quite a distinct youth from Willot, Willot from Wil- 
mot, Wilmot from Wilkin, and Wilkin from Wilcock. 
There might be half a dozen Johns about the farm- 
stead, but it mattered little so long as one was called 
Jack, another Jenning, a third Jenkin, a fourth Jack- 
cock (now Jacox as a surname), a fifth Brownjohn, 
and sixth Alicklejohn, or Littlejohn, or Properjohn 
(i.e., well-built or handsome). 

The first name looking like a patronymic is ante- 
diluvian, viz., Tubal-Cain: flowing out from Cain, as 
though O'Cain, given to intimate pride in relation- 
ship to Cain. During the Israelitish theocracy' Gentile 
patronymics were in common use, as Hittites from 
Heth, but those personal came in later. As soon, 



56 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

however, as the New Testament opens we meet with 
Bar-Jonah, Bar-Abbas, names received from fathers in 
the conventional patron3nnical sense. It is, therefore, 
manifest that the chronology-- of patronymics, the 
period of their formation, lies about midway between 
primitive ages and time current. 

The Saxons sometimes bestowed honorable appel- 
lations on those w^ho had signalized themselves by 
the performance of any gallant action, like the Ro- 
man Cognomina. Every person conversant with the 
history of those times will call to mind that England 
was much infested with wolves, and that large re- 
wards were given to such as were able by force or 
stratagem, to subdue them. To kill a wolf was to 
destroy a dangerous enem^^, and to confer a benefit 
on society. Hence several Saxon proper names, ending 
in ulph and -vvolf, as Biddulph, the wolf-killer, or 
more properly "wolf-compeller," and some others; 
but these, among the common people at least, did 
not descend from father to son in the manner of 
modern surnames. 

Another early species of surname adjunct is the 
epithet Great, as Alexander the Great ; with words 
expressive of other qualities, as Edmund Iron-side, 
Harold Hare-foot; and among the kings of Norway 
there was a Bare-foot. France had monarchs named 
Charles the Bald, Louis the Stutterer, and Philip the 
Fair. 

As society advanced more in refinement, partly for 
euphony, and partly for the sake of distinction, other 
names came into common use. 

Modern nations have adopted various methods of 
distinguishing families. The Highlanders of Scotland 
employed the sirename with Mac, and hence our Mac- 
donalds and Macartys, meaning respectively the son 
of Donald and of Arthur, 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 57 

It would, however, be preposterous to imagine 
that surnames universcilly prevailed so early as the 
eleventh century. We have overwhelming evidence 
that they did not ; and must admit that although the 
Norman Conquest did much to introduce the practice 
of using them, it was long before they became very 
common. The occasional use of surnames in England 
dates bej^ond the ingress of the Normans. Surnames 
were taken up in a very gradual manner by the great, 
(both of Saxon and Norman descent) during the ele- 
venth, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. By the mid- 
dle of the twelfth, however, it appears that they were 
(in the estimation of some) necessar3^ appendages to 
families of rank, to distinguish them from those of 
meaner extraction. 

The unsettled state of surnames in those early 
times renders it a difficult matter to trace the pedi- 
gree of any faixiily beyond the thirteenth century. In 
Cheshire, a county remarkable for the number of its 
resident families of great antiquity, it was very usual 
for younger branches of the family, laying aside the 
name of their father, to take their name from the 
place of their residences, and thus in three descents 
as many surnames are found in the same family. 
This remark may be forcibly illustrated by reference 
to the early pedigree of the family of Fitz-Hugh, 
which name did not settle down as a fixed appellative 
until the time of Edward III. 

Although most towns have borrowed their names 
from their situation and other respects, yet with some 
apt termination have derived their names from men; 
as Edwardston and Alfredstone. But these were from 
forenames or christian names, and not from sire 
names; and even almost to the period of the con- 
quest forenames of men were generally given as names 
of places. 



58 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

The Normans are thought to have been the first 
to introduce the practice of fixed surnames among us; 
and certainh^ a httle while before the conquest, some 
of these adventurers had taken family names from 
their chateaux in Normandy. "Neither is there any 
village in Normandy," sa^^s Camden, "that gave not 
denomination to some family in England." The French 
names introduced into England at the conquest may 
generalh^ be known b\^ the prefixes de, du, des, de, la, 
St.; and by the suffixes font, ers, fant, deau, age, 
mont, ard, aux, bois, ly, eux, et, val, court, vaux, 
la3% fort, ot, champ, and dille, most of which are 
component parts of proper names of places, as every 
one maj^ convince himself by the slightest glance at 
the map of Northern France. But that these Norman 
surnames had not been of long standing is very cer- 
tain, for at the Conquest it was only one hundred 
and sixty years since the first band of Northmen 
rowed up the Seine, under their leader Hrolf, whom 
our histor3' books honor with the theatrical name of 
Rollo, but who was known among his people as 
"Hrolf the Ganger." 

But whether in imitation of the Norman lords, or 
from the great convenience of the distinction, the use 
of fixed surnames arose in France about the year 
1000; came into England sixty years later, or with 
the Norman Conquest; and reached Scotland, speak- 
ing roundly, about the ^-ear 1100. 

The first example of fixed surnames in any num- 
ber in England, are to be found in the Conqueror's 
Valuation Book called Domesda}'. "Yet in England," 
again to quote the judicious Camden, "certain it is, 
that as the better sort, even from the Conquest, by 
little and little took surnames, so they were not set- 
tled among the common people fully until about the 
time of Edward the Second." 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 59 

Those dashing Norman adventurers introduced to 
the British Isle the custom of chivalry and the sur- 
names they had adopted from their paternal castles 
across the channel. They made a rage for knight- 
hood and turned the ladies' heads. An English prin- 
cess declined to marry a suitor who "had not two 
names." Henry I wished to marry his natural son 
Robert to Mabel, one of the heiresses of Fitz-Hamon. 
The lady demurred : 

"It were to me a great shame 
To have a lord withouten his twa name." 
Whereupon King Henry gave him the surname of 
Fitzroy, which means son of a king. 

The era of fixed surnames does not rest only on 
the authority of Camden. It can be proved by a 
thousand records, English and Scotch. It is almost 
sufficiently proved v^hen it can be shown the race of 
Stuart — already first of Scotch families in opulence 
and power, distinguished by no surnames for several 
generations after the Norman Conquest. Much later 
the ancestors of the princeh' line of Hamilton were 
known as Walter Fitz-Gilbert, and Gilbert Fitz- Walter, 
before it occurred to them to assume the name their 
kinsmen had borne in England. But surnames were 
undoubtedly first used in the twelfth centur\^, and 
came into general use in the following one. 

THE SAXON PATRONYMIC 

Was formed by adding ing to the ancestor's name, as 
^Ifreding, which means Alfred's son; the plural for 
which is ^Ifredingas. 

THE ENGLISH PATRONYMIC, 

Which is exceedingly common, is generalh^ indicated by 
affixing son to the name of a progenitor, and is in- 



60 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

capable of being used in a plural form or in the gen- 
eric sense. For instance, Gibson, a son of Gibbs, a 
contraction for Gilbert. Munson, a son of Munn, a 
contraction of Edmund. 

DE AND MAC 

Are from the Latin word De, which means of. This is 
a Patron^'mical sign common to French, Italian, and 
even German names. Thus Deluc, which means of 
Luke, Dwight means of Wight ; and De Foe means 
of the Faith. 

FITZ. 

Fitz stands for Filius, a son, and received through 
the Normans. 

VAN AND VON. 

Corresponding more or less closely with de, ac, is 
the Dutch van, and usually applied with the force of 
the, as Yandersteen, which means of the stone, hill, 
from which have sprung Folli, Fell, Knox. Vander- 
velde means of the field ; Van Meter means living on 
hired land; and Vandeveer means of the ferr^', 

THE WELSH PATRONYMIC 

Is a form of the Celtic means mac, which the Cam- 
brian people made Mab or Map, and shortening it to 
a letter b, p, or its cognate f, gave it work to do as a 
patronymical prefix. Thus, Probart, son of Robert ; 
Probyn, son of Robin; Blake, son of Lake; Bowen, 
son of Owen ; Price, son of Rice or Rheese ; Priddle, 
son of Riddle; and Prichard, son of Richard. 

MILESIAN PATRONYMIC. 

The Highlanders, Irish and Welsh hold mac in 
common. The Welsh delight to have it in the forms 
of mab, map, ap, hop, b, p, f In Irish names mac 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 61 

tends toward mag; ma, and c. But Scotland took 
most lovingly to mac. The Milesians found a greater 
charm in Eoghan: a son, forming ua, and that used 
as O in the sense of eldest son, for he onlj^ was al- 
lowed to use it. The Irish developed a patronymic 
out of their Erse treasury more elastic and poetic 
than the Gaelic mac. The Celtic for young, offspring 
son, is, as above giyen, eoghan, ^vhence Egan for 
Hugh, eoghan : son of Hugh; and also Flanegan, son 
of Flan. 

THE GALLIC PATRONYMIC 

Is mac, meaning a son ; and O from eoghan, for a first- 
born son. The Gaels also had a patronymical affix 
derived from eoghan, known as ach, och, the sou/ce 
of our ock, as seen in hillock, which means little hill. 

THE SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE PATRONYMIC 

Is formed by az, or ez affixed. The two words are vari- 
ations of the tail Filius, a son ; as Alvarez, son of 
Alva; and Enriquez, son of YLqivcj. 

THE ITALIAN PATRONYMIC 

Was sometimes formed by placing the name of a son 
before the name of his father, as Galileo Galilei, which 
means Galileo, the son of Galilei; Speron Speroni, 
which means Speron, the son of Speroni. 

THE RUSSIAN PATRONYMIC 

Is itch for a son ; and of, ef or if for a grandson or 
descendant. Romanovitch Jouriff: son of Romain, 
grandson of Jour}- ; and Romanoff, descended from 
Romain, son of Rome. 



62 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

THE MODERN GREEK PATRONYMIC 

Assumes the forms pulos, soiila, as in the name Nicol- 
opulos, son of Nicholas. 

THE GERMAN, DUTCH, SWEDISH, AND LAPLAND PA- 
TRONYMIC 

Are sohn, zen, sen, son, zoon, and dotter, such as Men- 
delssohn, son of Mendel; ThorWaldsen, son of Thor- 
wald ; and Larsdotter, son of Lars. 

LITHUANIAN PATRONYMIC 

Is aitis, ait or at, used as affix, thus, Adomaitis, mean- 
ing a son of Adam. 

THE HINDOSTANEE PATRONYMICS 

Is putra, added as an affix ; as occurs in Rajaputra, 
son of a king. 

THE CHINESE PATRONYMIC 

Is tse, or se, used as an affix, as Kung-fut-se, which 
means Kung, the son of Fo; and Yang-tse-Kiang, 
river, son of the ocean. 

THE LATIN PATRONYMIC 

Is ilius, as Hostilius, son of Hostis. 

THE GREEK PATRONYMIC 

Is idas, modified to ida, ides, id, i, od. For instance, 
Aristides, son of Ariston. 

THE HEBREW PATRONYMIC 

Proper is hen, from the word Eben, a stone. The Chal- 
dees used Bar in the sense of lofty, elevated, superior, 
which was primarily applied to eminence, and is iden- 
tical with our Barr. As Barzillai, son of Zillai; Ben- 
Joseph, son of Joseph. 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 63 

KIN. 

The primary sense ot kin seems to have been rela- 
tionship: from thence family or offspring. 

The next meaning acquired by kin was child, or 
"young one." We still speak in a diminutive sense 
of a manikin, kilderkin, pipkin, lambkin, jerkin, mini- 
kin (little Minion), or Doitkin. 

Terminations in kin were slightly going down in 
popular estimation when the Hebrew invasion made 
a clean sweep of them. They found shelter in Wales, 
however, and directories preserve in their list of sur- 
names their memorial forever. 

In proof of the popularity of kin are the surnames 
of Simpkinson, Hopkins, Dickens, Dickinson, Watkins, 
Hawkins, Jenkinson, Atkinson, and all the rest. The 
patronymics ending in kins got abbreviated into A'/ss, 
kes, and ks. Hence the origin of our Perkes, Purkiss, 
Hawkes, and Hawks, Dawks, Jenks, Juckes, and Jukes 
(Judkins). 

IN OR ON. 

This diminutive, to judge from the Paris Directory, 
must have been enormously popular with the French. 
England's connection with Normandy and France 
generally brought the fashion to the English Court, 
and in habits of this kind the English folk quickly 
copied. Terminations in kin and cock were confined 
to the lower orders first and last. Terminations in 
on or in and ot or et, were the introduction of fash- 
ion, and being under patronage of the highest families 
in the land, naturally obtained a much wider popu- 
larity. 

OT AND ET. 

These are the terminations that ran first in favor for 
many generations. 



G4 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

This diminutive ot et is found in the Enghsh lan- 
guage in such words as poppet, jacket, lancet, ballot, 
gibbet, target, gigot, chariot, latchet. pocket, ballet. 
In the same \Ya3^ a little page became a paget, and 
hence among our surnames Smallpage, Littlepage, 
and Paget. 

Coming to baptism, we find scarcelN^ a single 
name of any pretentions to popularity that did not 
take to itself this desinence. The two favorite girl- 
names in Yorkshire previous to the Reformation were 
Matilda and Emma. Two of the commonest sur- 
names there to-dciy are Emmott and Tillot, w^ith such 
variations as Emmett and Tillett, Emmotson and 
Tillotson. 

Of other girl-names we may mention Mabel, which 
from Mab became Mabbott; Douce became Doucett 
and Dowsett; Gillian or Julian, from Gill or Jill 
(whence Jack and Jill), became Gillot, Juliet, and 
Jowett; Margaret became Margett and Margott, and 
in the north Magot. 

NAMES DERIVED FROM OCCUPATIONS AND PURSUITS. 

After these local names "the most in number have 
been derived from Occupations or Professions." 

The practice of borrowing names from the various 
avocations of life is of high antiquity. Thus the Ro- 
mans had among them many persons, and those too 
of the highest rank, who bore such names as Figulus, 
Pictor, and Fabritius, answering to the Potters and 
Paynters, of our own times. These names became 
hereditary, next in order after the local names, about 
the eleventh and twelfth centuries. As local names 
generall3' had the prefix de or at, so these frequently 
had /e, as Stephen le Spicer, and Walter le Boucher. 



Origin of thb surname. g5 

JStAMES DERIVED FROM DIGNITIES, CIVIL AND ECCLESI- 
ASTICAL; AND FROM OFFICES. 

The same principle which introduced surnames bor- 
rowed from trades and occupations led to the adop- 
tion of the names of dignities and offices, which also 
became hereditar}^; as Emperor, King, Prince, Duke, 
Earle, Pope, Bishop, Cardinal, etc. 

SURNAMES DERIVED FROM PERSONAL AND MENTAL 

QUALITIES. 

These seem to form one of the most obvious sources 
of surnames, and a prolific source it has been. Noth- 
ing would be more natural at the first assumption 
of surnames, than for a person of dark complexion 
to take the name of Black or Blackman, a tawny 
one that of Browne, and a pale one that of White 
or Whiteman. But it was not from the head alone 
that names of this description were taken, for we 
have, in respect of other personal qualities, our Longs 
and our Shorts, our Strongs and our Weaklys, and 
our Lightfoots and our Heavisides, with many more 
whose meaning is less obvious. Among the names 
indicative of mental or moral qualities, we have our 
Hardys and Cowards, our Livelys and our Sullens, 
our Brisks and our Doolittles; and Brainhead, which 
later became Brainerd. 

SURNAMES DERIVED FROM CHRISTIAN NAMES. 

Everj'body must have remarked the great number 
of names of this kind. Who does not immediately 
call to mind some score or two of the name of Ed- 
wards, Johnson, Stevens, and Harrison, in the circle 
of his acquaintance. Mam^ of the christian forenames 
of our ancestors were taken up without any addi- 



66 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAMB. 

tion or change, as Anthon}^, Andrew, Abel, Baldwin, 
Donald, etc. Others have been corrupted in various 
wa3^s, as Bennet from Benedict, Cutbeard from Cuth- 
bert, Stace from Ustace. 

NAMES FROM MANORS AND SMALLER ESTATES. 

The surnames from these sources are almost in- 
numerable. There is scared}^ a city, town, village, 
manor, hamlet, or estate, in England, that has not 
lent its name to swell the nomenclature of English- 
men. 

SURNAMES FROM VARIOUS THINGS. 

We find the names of the heavenly bodies, beasts, 
birds, fishes, insects, plants, fruits, flowers, metals, 
etc., very frequently borne as surnames; as Sun, 
Moon, Star, Bear, Buck, Chicken, Raven, Crab, Cod, 
Bee, Fly, Lily, Primrose, Orange, Lemon, Gold, 
Silver, etc. 

SURNAMES FROM THE SOCIAL RELATIONS, PERIODS OF 

AGE, TIME, ETC. 

There are several surnames derived from consan- 
guinity, alliance, and from other social relations, orig- 
inating, from there having been two or more persons 
bearing the same christian name in the same neigh- 
borhood; as Fader, Brothers, Cousins, Husbands; and 
closely connected with the foregoing are the names 
derived from periods of age, as Young, Younger, Eld, 
Senior. From periods of time we have several names, 
as Spring, Summer, Winter. The following surnames 
may also find a place here: Soone, Later, Latter, 
Last, Quickly. 

A CABINET OF ODDITIES. 

There are a good many surnames which seem to 
have (n-iginated in sheer caprice, as no satisfactory 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 67 

reason for their assumption can be assigned. It is 
doubtful, indeed, if they were ever assumed at all, for 
they have very much the appearance of what, in these 
days, we are accustomed to call nicknames or sobri- 
quets, and were probably given by others to the per- 
sons who w^ere first known by them, and so identified 
with those persons that neither they nor their im- 
mediate posterity could well avoid them. To this 
family belong the names borrov^ed from parts of the 
human figure, which are somewhat numerous; as 
Pate, Skull, Cheek, Neck, Side, Nailes, Heele, etc. 
Then there is another set of names not much less 
ridiculous, namely those borrowed from coins, and 
denominations of money, as Farthing, Money, Pen- 
ny. Besides these we have from the weather, Frost, 
Tempest, and Fogg; from sports, Bowles, Cards; from 
vessels and their parts. Forecastle, Ship; from mea- 
sures. Peck, Inches; from numbers. Six, Ten. 

It is really remarkable that many surnames ex- 
pressive of bodily deformity or moral turpitude should 
have descended to the posterity of those who perhaps 
well deserved and so could not escape them, when 
we reflect how easily such names might have been 
avoided in almost every state of society by the simple 
adoption of others ; for although in our day it is con- 
sidered an act of villainy, or at least a "suspicious 
affair," to change one's name unless in compliance 
with the will of a deceased friend, when an act of 
the senate or the royal sign-manual is required, the 
case w^as v^idely different four or five centuries ago, 
and we know from ancient records that names were 
frequently changed at the caprice of the owners. 
Names of this kind are very numerous, such as. Bad, 
Sill^', Outlaw, Trash, etc. 



68 ORIGIN OF THB SURNAME. 

NAMES DERIVED FROM VIRTUES AND OTHER ABSTRACl^ 

IDEAS. 

To account for such names as Justice, Virtue, Pru- 
dence, Wisdom, Liberty, Hope, Peace, Jo\', Anguish, 
Comfort, Want, Pride, Grace, Laughter, Luck, Peace, 
Power, Warr, Ramson, Love, Verity, Vice, Patience, 
etc., they undoubtedly originated in the allegorical 
characters who performed on the ancient m3'steries or 
moralities; a specie of dramatics pieces, which before 
the rise of the genuine drama served to amuse under 
the pretext of instructing the play-goers of the "old- 
en t3'me." 

FOREIGN NAMES NATURALIZED IN ENGLAND, 

Various causes might be assigned for the variety 
that exists in the nomenclature of Englishmen. Pro- 
bably the principal cause is to be found in the pecu- 
liar facilities which that island had for many ages 
presented to the settlement of foreigners. War, royal 
matches w^ith foreign princesses, the introduction of 
manufactures from the continent, and the patronage 
which that country has always extended to ever^'- 
kind of foreign talent — all have of course tended to 
introduction of new names. 

CHANGED SURNAMES. 

The practice of altering one's name upon the oc- 
currence of an^" remarkable event in one's personal 
historj^ seems to have been known in times of very 
remote antiquity'. The substitution of Abraham for 
Abram, Sarah for Sarai, etc., are matters of sacred 
history. In France it was formerly customarj^ for 
eldest sons to take their father's surnames, while the 
younger branches assumed the names of the states 
allotted them. This plan also prevailed in England 
sometime after the Norman Conquest. 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 69 

In the United States they carry this system of 
corrupting or contracting names to a ridiculous ex- 
tent. Barnham is Barnum; Farnham (fern ground) 
Famum; Killham (kiln house or home), Killum; Birk- 
ham (birch house) Birkum, and so forth with similar 
names. Pollock becomes Polk; Colquhoun becomes 
Calhoun; and M'Candish becomes M'Candless. 

HISTORICAL SURNAMES. 

By an historical surname is meant a name which 
has an illusion to some circumstance in the life of the 
person who primarily bore it. Thus Sans-terre or 
Lack-land, the by-name of King John, as having rela- 
tion to one incident in that monarch's life, might be 
designated an historical surname. To this class of 
surnames also, belongs that of Nestling, borne by a 
Saxon earl, who in his infancy, according to Verstegan, 
had been rescued from an eagle's nest. 

TRANSLATED NAMES. 

During the middle ages the Latin language was 
the language of literature and politics; accordingly 
in history and in the public records proper names had 
to assume a Latin form. The change was not al- 
ways a happy one. Authors were obliged to change 
their own names as well as the names of the persons 
they celebrated in either prose or verse. The history 
of France was still written in Latin in the seventeenth 
century, all names consequently recorded in Latin. 
In the sixteenth century the Germans used to trans- 
late them into Greek. The absurdity which it en- 
tailed undoubtedly hastened the disappearance of the 
custom. 

The chiefs of an American tribe in North America 
receive a new name when they have earned it by 
their exploits. 



70 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

A vsimilar practice prevails in various negro tribes. 

The Greeks, in olden times, used to change their 
names on the smallest pretense, and with the greatest 
indifference. 

The emperors of Japan and those of China after 
their death receive a new name. 

ON THE CHANGING OF NAMES. 

With us a woman changes her name when she 
marries; among the Caribs of the Antilles it was the 
custom for husband and wife to exchange names. 
In some formerh^, and at the present day in Cape 
Verd Islands, a liberated slave takes the name of his 
old master; the adopted person substitutes the name 
of the person who adopts him for his own; the law 
allows that a donor or testator may require that 
his name should be taken by the person benefited. 

In 1568 Philip enacted a law that the Moors 
who lived in Spain should abandon the 'use of their 
peculiar idiom, and of their national names and sur- 
names, and substitute in their stead Spanish idioms 
and Spanish names. He hoped to make new men of 
them, to denationalize them, if we may use the term, 
and to merge them into his own people. He had a 
keen appreciation of the value of proper names, but 
like all despotic sovereigns, he was blind to the in- 
fluence of time, which can alone produce the gradual 
fusion of a conquering with a conquered people, more 
especially when differences in religion add their over- 
whelming weight to one side of the balance. 

The Moors obe3'ed, but still retained their nation- 
al feelings and religious beliefs; later, however, when 
they were compelled to choose between exile on the 
one hand, and apostacy on the other, they returned 
to their old countr}', and carried back with them a 
number of Spanish names. Accordingly, in several 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 71 

Mauritanian families descended from the Andalusian 
Mussulmans, we still finjl the names of Perez, Santi- 
ago, Yalenciano, Aragon, etc., names which have 
sometimes led European authors into error, and made 
them fancy they saw apostates from Christianity 
among the descendants of the martyrs ot Islamism. 

The robbers wdiose trade it was to carry men 
away and sell them as slaves, needed no legal com- 
pulsion to change the names of their slaves. The 
precaution which they naturally took in this matter 
loaffled the researches of disconsolate parents, who 
could only endeavor to recover their lost children by 
a description which was always imperfect and always 
uncertain. 

In modern times the same system has been 
adopted, although it has not been dictated by equally 
prudential motives. The laws of Christian Europe 
have even in our own times legalized the sale of 
slaves. As soon as a negro had landed in the colo- 
nies it was usual for his purchaser to give hin a new 
name. 

HEREDITARY NAMES. 

In England the middle classes acquired a decidedly 
important political influence as early as the year 
1258, or not later than 1264, the quarrels of the 
nobles and the king having opened the road to Par- 
liament for the representatives of the commons. More- 
over, an act that no tax should be levied without 
the consent of their representatives was passed before 
the year 1300, and accordingly, soon after that date, 
we find hereditary names commonly used in the mid- 
dle classes. 

For a contrary reason the change cannot have 
taken place in Germany until a much later period. 
In order to prove this, an instance is given which 



72 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

will be all the more conclusive from its being con- 
nected with an intermediate point between that coun- 
try- and France. In the town of Metz, which in idiom 
and b}^ union with the dominions of the descendants 
of Clovis and Charlemagne, was decidedly French, 
but which for thirty 3'ears had been Germanized in 
consequence of its political position, j-ou might have 
noticed at the close of the thirteenth centurjy^ that its 
chief magistrates, who were all knights, bore without 
exception individual or derived surnames instead of 
family surnames. When we say derived, we mean either 
from the place in w^hich they lived, or from the post 
which their military duties obliged them to occupy. 
It \vas not until the close of the latter half of the 
fourteenth centur^^ that hereditary names became 
common among men who were high in office, so that 
among their inferiors it is only fair to infer that they 
were rarer still. 

The etymology of hereditary names in England 
and in Germany is generally the same as in France 
and Ital}'. The following remarks will embody the 
inferences to be drawn from their examination, for 
the use of philologists. ^In languages of Teutonic or- 
igin, Avhen descent is implied merely, the word son is 
placed after the father's name; such is the derivation 
of all the famih' names in the languages of Sweden, 
Denmark, German^', and England, which terminate in 
this way. There are some exceptions, such as Fergu- 
son and Owenson, which serve to corroborate the 
statement as to the possibility of the union of two 
languages to form one and the same proper name; 
in the instances quoted above, a Saxon termination 
is joined to a Caledonian or a Welsh name. 

Attention has already been drawn to the custom 
of giving the father's name, in the genitive case, to 
the son as a surname. The addition of a final s in 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 73 

English, and of the s^'Uable ez in Spain, sufficed to 
change Christian pnenomina into surnames, and 
afterwards into famih' names; Peters, WilHams, 
Richards, Hcnriquez, Lopez, Fernandez, literally (son) 
of Peter, of William, of Richard, of Henry, of Lope 
(or Wolf), of Fernando or Ferdinand. 

D'Andre, Dejean, Depierre, have probably become 
family names in France in a similar way. The name 
of the w^riter who was perhaps the keenest apprecia- 
tor of the genius of the immortal Dante that ever 
lived, Giuseppe di Cesare, shows that a similar form 
was not foreign to Italian customs. 

As in Italy, so also in the greater part of Europe, 
the practice of drawing up deeds and charters in 
Latin w^as almost universal, and in these the son 
w^as designated by his father's name in the genitive 
case, hence we must attribute all the names which 
are characterized by such a termination to this cus- 
tom. Such names, for instance, as Fabri, Jacobi, 
Simonis, Johannis, etc., names which would be mul- 
tiplied without end if other languages had retained 
the old Latin termination like the Italian. The coun- 
tries where the greatest number wall be found wall be 
those (it may be quite safely conjectured ) where the 
custom of w^riting legal documents in Latin prevailed 
the longest. 

Somewhat similar in Wales, the sign of descent, 
or rather of sonship, led to the formation of sur- 
names, which later again became hereditary names. 
The word "ab," when placed between tw^o names, 
expresses descent, Rhys ab Evan (Rhys, the son of 
Evan); the vowel is gradually lost in common use, 
and the name becomes Rhys Evan, and, according to 
the same rule, successively takes the form of the fol- 
lowing patronymics, Bowen, Pruderrech, Price. 

It is still tile same theory, only more simply car- 



74. ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

ried out, which regulated the formation of family 
names in Ireland and in Scotland. As soon as the 
head of a clan had adopted some hereditary name, 
that name was given to all his vassals, whatever 
rank they might happen to occup}^, and however re- 
motely connected thej^ might be b^'^ ties of kindred 
with the head of the elan, and further, even though 
they had only entered it by enfranchisement or by 
adoption. The feeling of pride which suggested such 
a system is by no means an offensive one; we excuse 
it on the ground of its similarity to the old patri- 
archal customs; the head of the clan who is so pow- 
erful, and such an object of reverence, is but the eld- 
est brother of a large famih', and the name which he 
takes belongs to all its members. 

It will not be quite so eas3^ to discover a reason 
for the feeling of vanity which in Spain and in Por- 
tugal led to such a tedious multiplicity of names. 
Birthplace, or the customary home, are not considered 
sufficient for a full description of a lordly title; alli- 
ances, adoptions, and the like, were all dragged in to 
increase the number of names. An ignorant phase of 
devotional feeling added to its proportionate share 
to their Christian praenomia; it may, therefore, be 
easily inferred what needless confusion must have 
arisen in the ordinary transactions of life through 
this two-fold prodigality of names. 

As the nobles in Sweden had not adopted heredi- 
tary names before the close of the sixteenth centur)', 
it followed as a matter of course that the middle 
classes did not use them until a still later period. 
The choice of names \vhich this latter class made is 
worthy of notice. We know many names in France 
which indicate occupations, such as Draper, Miller, 
Barber, Maker, Slater, Turner,* etc. The same may 

♦ Mercier, Meunier, Barbier, Boulanger, Couvreur, Tourneur. 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 75 

be found in England, but not in the same quantity; 
the oldest English commoners were freeholders of 
land rather than either merchants or manufacturers. 
There are few if any such, in Sweden; the greater 
part of their names are the names of properties, or 
of farms, or of forests, and were of that character 
because they were selected by a class who wished to 
approximate to the nobles by imitating their ways, 
and consequently not because they w^ere the result of 
a need for distinctive signs — a need w^hich is totally 
distinct from any individual wish or caprice. 

In Holstein and in Courland there are still many 
families who have no names peculiarly their own. 
In this instance, again, the scourge of feudalism is 
felt in all its severity. 

ORIGIN OF OUR FAMILY. 

Whatever concerns the origin of our family — from 
whom proceeded the sturdy men that planted our in- 
fant states has for all of us an especial charm, not only 
from what we know, but for what we hope to ascertain. 

Our ancestors, tracing back their lineage to Pict 
and Dane, to the legionaries of Rome, or to the sea 
kings of the Baltic, had gained strength from the 
fusion in their nature of various and opposing ele- 
ments, and combined what was best of many races. 

That our ancestors were fond of fighting when 
provoked, regardless of personal safety or private 
advantage, cannot be denied. For the five centuries 
following the conquest, wars at home and abroad 
succeeded with little cessation. Military dut\^ was 
incumbent on all v^ho could bear arms. Personal en- 
counters between knight and squire in mail with lance 
and battle axe, the rest in quilted doublets, with pike 
and bow, made men indifferent to danger, and induced 
habits of hardihood and daring. 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

According to some authorities the history of man- 
kind began with Adam and Eve about six thousand 
years ago; and that their decendants spread over 
Asia first, then over Africa, and then over Europe. 
But science clearh' points that the ^world and its in- 
habitants in some form must have existed for millions 
of 3'ears. 

It took primitive man four thousand 3'ears to learn 
how to make a hole in a stone, insert a stick in it, 
and use it for a weapon. Then he became master of 
the forest, with power readily to provide himself with 
meat-food. From fisherman and hunter man developed 
into a herder of flocks, a tiller of the soil, a cultivator 
of grain. Then came attachment to the family and 
the growth of the family into clans and nations. 

The first historical record is dated about three 
thousand seven hundred j-ears ago, when a man b3^ 
the name of Inachus led a ver^- large company of emi- 
grants from Eg_vpt into Greece. These found that 
country inhabited by savages, who no doubt, were 
the descendants of those who had wandered there 
from Asia. 

Inachus and his companies established themselves 
in Greece, and from that point of time Europe gradu- 
ally became occupied by civilized people. 

Thus three quarters of the globe, Asia Africa and 
Europe, were settled. But America was separated 
from Asia by the Pacific Ocean, almost ten thousand 
miles across; and from Europe and Africa hj the At- 
lantic, about three thousand miles across. Of America 
in ancient times ])eople knew nothing. 

The ships in olden times were small and feeble; 
and navigators seldom dared to stretch forth upon 
the boundless sea. Even the mariner's compass, that 
m3'sterious but steadfast friend of the sailor was not 
used by the Europeans until 1250. 



78 ORIGIN OF THB SURNAME. 

THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 

It was in the year 1607 that the first emigrants, 
to successfully form a permanent colon}', landed in 
Virginia. For twelve years after its settlement it 
languished under the government of Sir Thomas 
Smith, Treasurer of the Virginia Company in Eng- 
land. The Colony was ruled during that period by 
laws written in blood; and its history shows us how 
the narrow selfishness of such a despotic power would 
counteract the very best efforts of benevolence. The 
colonist suffered an extremity of distress too horrible 
to be described. 

Of the thousands of emigrants who had been 
sent to Virginia at great cost, not one in twenty 
remained alive in April, 1619, when Sir George 
Yeardlej' arrived. He bought certain commissions 
and instructions from the company for the "Better 
establishing of a commonwealth here," and the pros- 
perity of Virginia began from this time, when it 
received, as a commonwealth, the freedom to make 
laws for itself. The first meeting was held July 30, 
1619 — more than a year before the Mayflower, with 
the pilgrims, left the harbor of Southampton. 

The first colony established by the Plymouth Com- 
pany in 1607, on the coast of Maine, was a lament- 
able failure. 

The permanent settlement of New England began 
with the arrival of a bod^- of Separatists in the May- 
flower in 1620, who founded the colony of Plymouth. 

The Separatists' migration from England was 
followed in a few years by a great exodus of Puri- 
tans, who planted towns along the coast to the 
North of Plvmouth, and obtained a charter of gov- 
ernment and a great strip of land, and founded the 
colony of Massachusetts Bay. 



ORIGIN OP TUB SURNAMB. V9 

Religious disputes drove Roger Williams and Anne 
Hutchinson out of Massachusetts and led to the 
founding of Rhode Island in 1636. 

Other church rangles led to an emigration from 
Massachusetts to the Connecticut valley, where a 
little confederacy of towns \vas created and called 
Connecticut. 

Some settlers from England went to Long Island 
Sound and there founded four towns which, in their 
turn, joined in a federal union called the New Haven 
Colony. 

In time New Haven was joined to Connecticut, 
and Pl^-mouth and Maine to Massachusetts; New 
Hampshire was made a royal colony; and the four 
New England colonies Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 
Rhode Island and Connecticut — were definitely estab- 
lished. The territory of Massachusetts and Connecti- 
cut stretched across the continent to the "South Sea" 
or Pacific Ocean. 

The Mar^dand colony was founded by Lord Bal- 
timore, a Roman Catholic, who was influenced in his 
attempts of colonization by a desire to found a refuge 
for people of his own faith ; and the first settlement 
was made in 1634 at St. Mary's, Annapolis w^as 
founded about 1683, and Baltimore in 1729. 

Meantime Henry Hudson in the employ of the 
Dutch, discovered the Delaware and Hudson Rivers in 
1609; and the Dutch, ignoring the claims of England, 
planted colonies on these rivers and called the coun- 
try New Netherlands. 

Then a Swedish company began to colonize the 
Delaware Bay and River coast of Virginia, which 
they called New Sweden. 

Conflicts between the Dutch and the Swedes fol- 
lowed, and in 1655 New Sweden was made a part of 
New Netherlands. 



80 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

The English seized New Netherlands in 1664, giv- 
ing it to the Duke of York; and the Duke, after es- 
tablishing the province of New York, gave New Jersey 
to two of his friends, and sold the three counties on 
the Delaware to William Penn. Meanwhile the king 
granted Penn what is now Penns3'lvania in 1681. 

The Carolinas were first chartered as one proprie- 
tar^' colony but were sold back to the king and final- 
ly separated in 1729. 

Georgia, the last of the thirteen English colonies, 
was granted to Oglethorpe and others; as a refuge 
for poor debtors, in 1732. 

In 1774 General Gage became governor of Mass- 
achusetts; and seeing that the people were gathering 
stores and cannon, he attempted to destroy the 
stores, and so brought on the battle of Lexington 
and Concord, which opened the v^ar for Independence. 
The English arm\^ was surrounded at Yorktown by 
Washington and the French fleet and forced to sur- 
render. A convention at Philadelphia framed the 
Constitution of the United States. 



NATIONS THAT HAVE OWNED OUR SOIL. 

Before the United States became a nation, six 
European powers owned, or claimed to own, various 
portions of the territory now contained within its 
boundar3'. England claimed the Atlantic coast from 
Maine to Florida. Spain once held Florida, Texas, 
California and all the territory south and west of 
Colorado. France in da3'S gone b^^ ruled the Missis- 
sippi valle3\ Holland once owned New Jerse3', Dela- 
ware and the valley of the Hudson in New York and 
claimed as far eastward as the Connecticut River. 
The Swedes had settlements on the Delaware. Alaska 
w^as a Russian possession. 



ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 81 



FORE - NAMES . 

CHRISTIAN names are so called from having orig- 
inally been given to converts at baptism as sub- 
stitutes for their former pagan appellatives, many of 
which were borrowed from the names of their gods, 
and therefore rejected as profane. After the general 
introduction of Christianity, the epithet was still re- 
tained, because the imposition of names was ever 
connected with the earliest of its sacred rites. It is, 
nevertheless, most incorrect; since the majority of the 
personal names of modern times are borrowed from 
sources unconnected with Christianity. With what 
propriety can we call Hercules and Diana, Augustus 
and Julia, or even Henry and Caroline, Christian 
names? They should be called forenames (that is 
first names), a term much more preferable to the 
other. Perhaps the word name, without any ad- 
junct, would be better still. We should then use the 
name and surname as distinctive words; whereas we 
now often regard them synonyms. 

From the earliest times, names to distinguish one 
person from another have been in use. The names in 
the Old Testament are mostly original and generally 
given at the birth, in accordance with some circum- 
stance connected with that event, or from some 
pious sentiment of the father or mother. The Jewish 
child received his name at the time of circumcision. 
This practice is still adopted amongst the Jews, and 
has been followed by the Christian Church giving a 
name at baptism. 

The ancient Greeks used only one name, which 
was given on the ninth day after birth, and was 



82 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 

chosen b\' the father, who also possessed the right 
of altering it. These n&mes generallj^ expressed some 
great quaHty — as bravery, wisdom, or skill. Thus 
Callienaehus means exeellent fighter; and Sophron 
means wise. In later times many names were derived 
from those of their gods — as Apollodorus, the Gift of 
Apollo. The eldest son usually bore the name of his 
paternal grandfather, to which was sometimes added 
the father's name, or the occupation, place of birth, 
or a nickname. 

The Romans at a very early date used two 
names, and later on each Roman citizen had three. 
The prjenomen was, like our Christian name, per- 
sonal to the individual; as Caius and Marcus; in 
writing, the initials only were generally used. In 
early times it was given at puberty, but afterwards 
on the ninth day after birth. Women took no prae- 
nomen until marriage, when they adopted the femi- 
nine form of their husband's name. Ever^'- Roman 
citizen belonged to a gens and to a familia included 
in it. The nomen gentilicum (the second name) 
usually ended in ius, cius, or aius. The third name 
was the hereditary cognomen borne by the family, to 
Avhich \vas sometimes a second cognomen, called 
agnomen, ^vas added. The cognomen was often de- 
rived from some event in the family history, or from 
some personal defect. In common intercourse the 
proenomen and cognomen only w^ere used, as C. 
CiEsar, for C. Julius CcEsar. Man\^ of the Roman 
names were of a much less dignified origin than the 
Greek, as Cicero (Vetchgrowcr), Crassus (Fat), Naso 
(Longnosed). 

The Celtic and Teutonic names were originally 
verv significant. Man^^ Avere derived from "God," as 
Gottfried, Godwin, and others from genii or elves, as 
Alfred Elfric (Elf King). Personal prowess, wisdom. 



ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 83 

and nobility of birth, were the ori^^in of many names 
still in use, as Hilclerbrand (the War Brand), Arnold 
(Valiant Eagle) Osborn (God bear). After the intro- 
duction of Christianity many of the old names were 
superseded by those taken from the Scriptures. These 
names in course of time became much altered; as for 
example, Owen, Evan, and Eoghan are different 
forms of Johann or John. A change of name was 
sometimes made at confirmation, and amongst 
Roman Catholics an additional name is given at the 
first communion. Sir Edward Coke tells us: "If a 
man be baptized by the name of Thomas, and after 
at his confirmation by the bishop he is named John, 
he may purchase by the name of his confirmation. 
And this was the case of Sir Francis Gawdye, late 
Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, whose 
name of baptism was Thomas, and his name of con- 
firmation Francis; and that the name of Francis by 
the advice of all the judges in anno 36, Henry VIII, 
he did bear, and often used in all his purchases and 
grants." Another instance is that of Henry HI of 
France, who, being the godson of Edward VI of Eng- 
land, was named Edward Alexander at his baptism 
in 1551; but at his confirmation in 1565 these 
names were changed to Henri. 

In Germany the names are mostly of Teutonic origin, 
or connected with the early history of Christianity, 

Double Christian names were not much in vogue 
before the nineteenth century. A very early instance 
is that of "John Thomas Jones," a runaway thief, 
mentioned in a collection of autograph letters from 
Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, and his son (1601); Charles 
George Cook, Judge of the Admiralty in 1665; and 
Henry Frederick Th3mne, brother to Lord Wc}'- 
mouth, 1682, are other examples, which might 
easily be extended. 



84 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 

In France and German^^ when surnames became 
universal, the prefix of De or von to a common ple- 
beian name was considered as a mark of nobility. 
In Britain the Dc was not considered the test for no- 
bility, for the names of some of the best families were 
not territorial; as Butler, Stewart and Spenser. 

SCRIPTURAL NAMES ALREADY IN USE AT THE REFOR- 
MATION. 

It now remains simply to consider the state of 
nomenclature in England at the eve of the Reforma- 
tion in relation to the Bible. Four classes may be 
mentioned. 

MYSTERY NAMES. 

The leading incidents of Bible narrative were 
familiarized to the English lower orders by the per- 
formance of sacred plays, or mysteries, rendered un- 
der the supervision of the Church. To these pla3^s is 
owed the early popularity of Adam and Eve, Noah, 
Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Sara, Daniel, Samp- 
son, Susanna, Judith, Hanna or Anna, and Hester. 
But the Apocryphal names were not frequently used 
until about 1500. Scarcely any diminutives are 
found of them. On the other hand, Adam became 
Adcock and Adkin; Eve became Evott and Evett; 
Isaac became Hickin, Higgin, Higgott and Higgett; 
Joseph became Joskin; and Daniel became Dankin and 
Dannet. 

CRUSADE NAMES. 

The Crusaders gave several prominent names. To 
them we are indebted for Baptist, Ellis and Jordan; and 
John received a great stimulus. The sacred water, 
brought in the leathern bottle, was used for baptis- 
mal purposes. The Jordan commemorated John the 



ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 85 

Baptist, the second Elias, the forerunner and bap- 
tizer of Jesus Christ. Children were styled by these 
incidents. Jordan became popular throughout Western 
Europe. It gave to England, as already observed, 
Judd, Judkin, Judson, Jordan and Jordanson, Elias, 
as Ellis, took about the eighth place of frequency, 
and John for a while the first. 

THE saint's calendar. 

The legends of the saints were carefully taught 
by the priesthood, and the day was as religiously ob- 
served. All children born on these holy daj^s re- 
ceived the name of the saint commemorated. St. 
James's Da}', or St. Nicholas's Day, or St. Thomas's 
Da}', saw a small batch of Jameses, Nicholases, and 
Thomases received into the fold of the church. In 
other cases the gossip had some favorite saint, and 
placed the child under his or her protection. Of 
course, it bore the patron's name. A large number 
of these hagiological names w^ere extra-Biblical — such 
as Cecilia, Catherine, or Theobald. All the apostles, 
save Judas, became household names; John, Simon, 
Peter, Bartholomew, Matthew, James, Thomas and 
Philip being the favorites. Paul and Timothy were 
also utilized, the former being always found as Pol. 

FESTIVAL NAMES. 

If a child was born at Whitsuntide or Easter, 
Christmas or Epiphany, like Robinson Crusoe's man 
Friday, he received the name of the day. Hence our 
once familiar names of Noel or Nowell, Pask or Pas- 
cal, Easter, Pentecost, and Epiphany or Tiffany. 

It will be observed that all these imply no direct 
or personal acquaintance with the Scriptures. All 
came through the Church. All, too, were in full tide 



86 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 

of prosperity — with the single exeeption of Jordan, 
whieh was nearl3^ obsolete — when the Bible, printed 
into English and set up in the churches, became an 
institution. The immediate result was that the old 
Scripture names of Bartholomew, Peter, Philip, and 
Nicholas received a blow much deadlier than that 
received by such Teutonic names as Robert, Richard, 
Roger and Ralph. 

The subject of the influence of the Bible upon 
English nomenclature is not uninteresting. It may 
be said of the "Vulgar Tongue" Bible that it revolu- 
tionized the nomenclature within the space of forty 
years, or a little over a generation. No such crisis, 
surely, ever visited a nation's register before, nor can 
such possibly happen again. Every home felt the 
effect. 

THE DECAY OF SINGLE PATRONYMICS IN BAPTISM. 

The introduction of double baptismal names pro- 
duced a revolution as immediate as it was uninten- 
tional. It put a stop to what bade fair to become a 
universal adoption of patron\'mics as single baptis- 
mal names. This practice took its rise about the year 
1580. It became customary in highly placed families 
to christen the eldest son by the name of the landed 
estate to which he was heir. Especially was it com- 
mon when the son succeeded to propert}' through his 
mother; then the mother's surname was his Chris- 
tian name. With the introduction of second baptis- 
mal names, this custom ceased; and the boy or girl, 
as the case might be, after a first orthodox name of 
Robert or Cecilia, received as a second the patron^-mic 
that before was given alone Instead of Neville Clarke 
the name would be Charles Neville Clarke. From the 
year 1700 this has been a growing custom, and half 
the present list of treble names are thus formed. 



88 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. • 

Until about the commencement of the seventeenth 
century, no material chan<?e in the desiijnations of 
Englishmen had occurred since the days of the earlier 
Edwards, when surnames were generalh' adopted. 
John de la Barre, it is true, had become plain John 
Barr, and Roger atte H\'lle had softened to Roger 
Hill, but still the principle of a single Christian name 
and a single surname had been maintained through- 
out. About the period alluded to, the innovation of 
a second personal name occurs, though but ver^- rarely. 
The practice was imported to Great Britain from the 
Continent, ^vhere it seems to have originated among 
the literati in imitation of the trianomina of antiquit^^ 
The accession of the man3'-named house of Brunswick 
may be said to have rendered it somewhat fashion- 
able; and during the last centur\^ it has become every 
year more common. Should the fashion continue, it 
is probable that at the dawn of the twentieth centu- 
ry it will be as difficult to find a hinominated person 
in America, as it is in France at the present day. 

Another innovation belongs to the seventeenth cen- 
tury; that of the use of some farnih^ name as a bap- 
tismal appellation, as Gouldsmith Hodgson, Bosca'wen 
Lower, Cloudsley Shovel. This practice as well as the 
other is highly to be commended, as serving to iden- 
tify the individual Avith the designation. The genealo- 
gist will at once see its utility; and it is suggested to 
parents the desirability of inserting the maternal fami- 
ly name between the proper name of baptism and the 
surname, as James Morton Wilson, Henry Smith Brad- 
ley. Indeed it would be well to go further and add 
the maiden famih' name of the wife to the surname 
of the husljand ; thus if a Charles Harrison married a 
Mary Bradshawe, the}" should thereupon \vrite them- 
selves respectively Charles Bradshawe Harrison and 
Mary Bradshawe Htirrison. If Vanity unites in the 



ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 89 

same escutcheon the arms of the wife with those ot- 
her lord, ought not Affection in Hke manner to blend 
their names? This usage is voluntarily followed at 
Geneva and in many provinces in France; and it serves 
to distinguish the bachelor from the married man. 

In some districts, where a family name w^as orig- 
inally applied at the font instead of the usual James, 
Peter, or John, that family name has come to be re- 
garded as a regular christian name. For example: 
about Lewes, Tra3^ton is fully as common as Samuel, 
Nicholas, Alfred, or any name occupying the second 
rank in point of frequenc}^ and onh^ less usual than 
Henr\% William and John. In the sixteenth century a 
familj' of this name, from Cheshire, settled in Lewes, 
and continued to reside there for several successive 
generations, during the latter part of which period 
they became so popular that a host of children re- 
ceived the baptismal name of Trayton in compliment 
to them. The spirit of imitation succeeded; and there 
are at the present day scores of Tra^^tons, who have 
neither any idea of the origin of their name, nor any 
doubt of its being as orthodox as the very common 
appellatives alluded to, 

We have seen that the Christian name, once im- 
posed, cannot be altered at the option of the bearer, 
as the surname may; at least not without the sanc- 
tion of episcopal authority. Towards the close of the 
eighteenth centur\^, Sir William Bridges exchanged the 
name of William for that of Brooke, by license from the 
Archbishop of Canterbury; but this is almost a solitary 
instance in modern times, as the occasion for it rarely 
arises. Before the Reformation, the unauthorized change 
of a Christian name was a grave offence. It is recorded 
in the consistorial acts of the Bishop of Rochester, that 
on Oct. 15, 1515, one Agnes Sharpe appeared and con- 
fessed that she had "of her own motion and consent, 



90 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 

voluntarily changed, at confirmation, the name of her 
infant son to Edward, who when baptized was named 
Henry, for which she submitted to penance. " The 
penanee enjoined was to make a pilgrimage to the 
famous Rood of Grace, at the neighboring abbey of 
Boxley, and to carry in procession on five Lord's days, 
a lighted taper which she was to offer to the image 
of the Blessed Virgin. 

THE PAUCITY OF NAMES. 

There were no Scripture names in England when 
the Conqueror took possession; even in Normandy 
they had appeared but a generation or two before 
William came over. If any are found in the old Eng- 
lish period, they were undoubtedly ecclesiastical titles, 
adopted at ordination. Greek and Latin saints were 
equally unnoticed. 

Before man3^ generations had passed, Bartholo- 
mew, Simon, Peter, Philip, Thomas, Nicholas, John 
and Elias, had engrossed a third of the male popula- 
tion; yet Domesday Book has no Philip, no Thomas, 
only one Nicholas; and but a springling of Johns. It 
w'as not long before Jack and Jill took the place of 
Godric and Godgivu as representative of the English 
sexes, \'et Jack was from the bible and Jill from the 
sainth' calendar. 

Without entering into a deep discussion, it may 

be said that the great mass of the old English names 

had gone down before the j-ear 1200 had been reached. 

Those that survived only held on for bare existence. 

From the moment of William's edvcnt, the names of 

the Normans began to prevail He brought in Bible 

names, Saint names, and his own Teutonic names. 

The old English names bowed to them, and disap- 
peared. 

A curious result quickly followed. From the year 



ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 91 

1150 to 1550, four hundred years in round numbers, 
there was a very much smaller dictionary of English 
personal names than there had been for four hundred 
years before, and than there has been in the four hun- 
dred years since. The Norman list was really a small 
one, and yet it took possession of the whole of Great 
Britain. 

A consequence of this was the Pet-name Epoch. 
In every community of one hundred Englishmen about 
the year 1300, there would be an average of twenty 
Johns and fifteen Williams; then would follow Thomas, 
Bartholomew, Nicholas, Philip, Simon, Peter and Isaac 
from the Scriptures; and Richard, Robert, Walter, Guv, 
Henry, Roger and Baldwin from the Teutonic list. 
Of female names, Matilda, Isabella and Emma were 
first favorites; and Cecilia, Catharine, Margaret and 
Gillian came closely upon their heels. Behind these, 
again, lollowed a fairlj^ familiar number of names of 
either sex, some from the Teuton, some from the He- 
brew, some from the Greek and Latin Church, but, 
when all told, not a large category. 

This is not enough, for in common parlance it was 
not likely the full name would be used. Besides, there 
might be two, or even three Johns in the same family. 
So late as March, 1545, the will of John Parnell de 
Gyrton runs: 

"Alice, my wife, and Old John, my son, to occupy 
my farm together, till Old John marries ; Young John, 
my son, shall have Brenlay's land plowed and sowed 
at Old John's cost. " 

The register of Rab}-, Leicestershire, has this entry : 

"1559. Item: 29th day of August was John, 
and John Picke, the children of Xtopher and Anne, 
baptized. 

"Item: the 31st of August the same John and 
John were buried. " 



92 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 

Mr. Burns, who quotes these instances in his "His- 
tory of Parish Registers," adds that at this same 
time "one John Barker had three sons named John 
Barker, and two daughters named Margaret Barker." 

If the same famih^ had but one name for the house- 
hold we may imagine the difficulty when this one name 
was also popular throughout the village. The diffi- 
cult}' was naturall}^ solved by, firstly, the adoption 
of nick forms; secondly', the addition of pet desinences. 
Thus Emma became b}- the one practice simple Emm, 
by the other Emmott; and any number of boys in a 
small community' might be entered in a register as 
Bartholomew, and 3xt preserve their individuality in 
work-a-day life by bearing such names as Bat, Bate, 
Batty, Bartle, Bartelot, Batcock, Batkin, and Tolly, 
or Tholh'. In a w^ord, these several lorms of Bar- 
tholomew w^ere treated as so man}^ separate proper 
names. 

It was, of course, impossible for Englishmen and 
English women to maintain their individuality on 
these terms. Various methods to secure a personality 
arose. The surname was adopted, and there were 
John Atte-wood, John the Wheelwright, John the Bigg, 
and John Richard's son, in every community. Among 
the middle and lower classes these did not become 
hereditary until so late as 1450 or 1500. 

This is easily proved. In the wardrobe accounts 
for Edward IV, 1480, occur the following items: 

"John Poyntmaker, for pointing of XI dozen 
points of silk pointed with agelettes laton. 

"Jehn Carter, for carriage away of a grete loode 
of robeux that was left in the strete. 

"To a laborer called Rychard Gard3'ner for work- 
ing in the gardyne. 

"To Alice Shapster for making and washing xxiiii 
sherts, and xxiii stomachers." Shapster is a feminine 



GENEALOGY. 93 

form of Shapper or Shapcr — one who shaped or cut 
out cloths for garments. 

All these several individuals, having no particular 
surname, took or received one from the occupation 
they temporarily followed. 



GENEALOGY. 

None of the sciences is less generally studied than 
that of Genealogy. Like all the others, though dry 
and repellant at first, when perseveringly follow^ed out 
it becomes, in the research, full of interest, and pro- 
ductive of great results. 

An account of the origin, descent and relations of 
families is often a principal auxiliary to the true ap- 
preciation of history. In treating of persons who 
have distinguished themselves in their country's an- 
nals, not only are all those actions of their lives w^hich 
have a bearing upon the character of the age in which 
they lived, or the well-being of the nation and com- 
munity to which thc}^ belonged, to be considered, but 
their own family and personal extraction, standing 
and descent. 

The genealogist confines himself to tracing family 
lineages, or the course of succession in particular fami- 
lies. That is his peculiar department. He leaves to 
the annalist the chronicling of events in the order of 
their occurrence, and to the historian the filling up of 
the details and circumstances to which these dry facts 
refer, and the description of the causes from which 
they spring, as well as the consequences to which thev 
lead. The sole purpose and pursuit of the historian 
is to be able to show "Who is Who " and to distinguish 
those who are somebod}^ from those who are nobody. 

The principal nomenclature of genealogy is as 
follows : 



94 HERALDRY. 

All persons descended from a common ancestor con- 
stitute a family. 

A series of persons so descended is called a line. 

A line is either direct or collateral. 

The direct line is divided into the ascending and 
descending. 

The projenitors are father, grandfather, etc. ; the 
other ascendants not in a direct line are called ancestors. 

The descendants are son, grandson, etc. ; the other 
descendants not in a direct line are generally termed 
Posterit^^ 

The Collateral comprehended all those which unite 
in a common projenitor. 

Some affect to hold in contempt the study of suc- 
cession of families. Others undervalue it, v^^ithout being 
fully aware of the importance of genealogical research. 

There are some people, says Dr. Lindsay Alexan- 
der, in his "Life of Dr. Wardlaw, " who say they 
attach no importance to a man's descent, or to family 
honors, and despise those who do. Perhaps they may 
be sincere, but their judgment in this matter is cer- 
tainly erroneous, and their feeling unnatural. "The 
glory of children, " says the wisest of men, "are their 
fathers;" and a honorable descent should be highly 
valued. 



HERALDRY. 

Heraldic devices, truly so called, made their first 
appearance in Europe in the middle of the twelfth 
century; and about one hundred years later Heraldry 
became a science in high repute, without being able to 
trace its intermediate progress, or discover the names 
of those who first laid down its laws, or subsequently 
promulgated them. The earliest Heraldic document of 
which even a copy has come down to us is a roll of 



HERALDRY. 95 

arms, that is to say, a catalogue of the armorial bear- 
ings of the king of England, and the principal barons, 
knights, etc., in the reign of Henry III; and, from in- 
ternal evidence, supposed to have been originally com- 
piled between the years 1240—1245. This transcript 
was made by Glover, Somerset Herald, in 1586, and 
is preserved in the College of Arms. Other rolls are 
to be found both there and in the British Museum, of 
nearly the same date, but none earlier; and no work 
explanatory of the science has been yet discovered of 
a period anterior to the reign of Edward IH. In the 
reign of Henry III, armorial ensigns had become hered- 
itary, marks of cadency distinguished the various 
members of a family, and the maj ority of the present 
Heraldic terms were already in existence. 

THE USE OF ARMS 

At that period was to distinguish ]3ersons and prop- 
ertj', and record descent and alliance, and no modern 
invention has yet been found to supersede it . For this 
reason alone, as we have remarked elsewhere, of all 
ancient usages it is one of the least likely to become 
obsolete. Hundreds of persons may be entitled to the 
same initials, may possess precisely the same name ; 
but only the members of a particular family can \ayv- 
fully bear certain armorial ensigns, and the various 
branches of that family have their separate differences 
to distinguish one from the other. After the lapse of 
centuries, the date of a building or the name of its 
founder or ancient possessor, may be ascertained at 
the present da}-, through the accidental preservation 
of a sculptured coat of arms or heraldic encaustic tile ; 
and the careful study of early rolls of arms enables 
the historian to discover matrimonial alliances and 
family connections, of which no Avritten record has 
been found; and thereby not only to complete the 



96 HERALDRY. 

very imperfect genealogies of many of the bravest and 
wisest of English nobility and gentry-, but also to ac. 
count for sundry- acts, both public and private, the 
motives for which have been misunderstood, or alto- 
gether unknown to the biographer or the historian. 



VARIOUS SORTS OF ARMS . 

Arms are not only granted to individuals and fam- 
ilies, but also to cities, corporate bodies, and learned 
societies. 

Arms of Dominion or Sovereignty are properly the 
arms of the kings or sovereigns of the territories they 
govern, which are also regarded as the arms of the 
State. Thus the Lions of England and the Russian 
Eagle are the arms of the Kings of England and the 
Emperors of Russia, and cannot be properly altered 
by a change of cU'nasty. 

Arms of Pretension are those of kingdoms, prov- 
inces, or territories to which a prince or lord has some 
claim, and which he adds to his own, though the king- 
doms or territories are governed b3' a foreign king or 
lord ; thus the Kings of England for manj- ages quar- 
tered the arms of France in their escutcheon as the 
descendants of Edward III, who claimed that king- 
dom, in right of his mother, a French princess. 

Arms of Concession are arms granted by sovereigns 
as the reward of virtue, valor or extraordinar3^ ser- 
vice. All arms granted to subjects \vere originally 
conceded by the Sovereign. 

Arms of Community are those of bishoprics, cities, 
universities, academies, societies and corporate bodies. 

Arms of patronage are such as governors of prov- 
inces, lords of manors, etc., add to their family arms 
as a, token of their superiority^, right jurisdiction. 



HERALDRY. 97 

Arms of Famih', or paternal arms, are such as are 
hereditary and belong to one particular family', which 
none others have a right to assume, nor can they do 
so without rendering themselves guilty of a breach of 
the laws of honor, punishable by the Earl Marshal 
and the Kings-at-Arms. The assumption of arms has, 
however, become so common that little notice is taken 
of it at the present time. 

Arms of Alliance are those gained by marriage. 

Arms of Succession are such as are taken up by 
those who inherit certain estates by bequest, entail, 
or donation. 

THE SHIELD. 

The shield contains the field or ground whereon 
are represented the charges or figures that form a coat 
of arms. 




PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES 99 



PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Within the past few 3'ears there has been a remark- 
able movement in the United States, which has re- 
sulted in the formation of many patriotic hereditary 
societies of large membership, with chapters in every 
State in the Union, Those only are eligible to mem- 
bership who can prove their descent from an ancestor 
of Colonial or Revolutionary times, trom an officer or 
soldier or seaman of the various wars, from a pilgrim 
in the Mayflower, an early Huguenot emigrant, etc. 
These societies bring men and women of like traditions 
together, and organize them in an effective way for 
acrion. The action contemplated is patriotic — never 
religious or related to party politics. The general so- 
ciety from its headquarters issues charters to branch 
societies in the different States. Each State society 
forms an organized group of persons well known to 
each other, bj^ name at least, and often personally. 

Certain of these societies have been very active in 
preserving old monuments, buildings, landmarks and 
historic documents, or in erecting tablets and monu- 
ments at historic places, or in marking the sites of 
battles or the graves of Revolutionary soldiers. Others 
have founded prizes to be given annually to school 
children for essays on events in American history. 
Others, again, formally celebrate the nation's anni- 
versaries. All of them foster patriotism and historical 
research, and teach organization — the sinking of indi- 
vidual desire in a common loyalty. There are proba- 
bly too many such organizations at present, and more 
are forming. The weaker societies will, however, die ; 
and those that remain will represent some real aspir- 
ation of their members. 



100 PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 

As the entrance to such societies is through descent 
from some ancestor, geneaology has been powerfully 
stimulated, and thousands of family records have been 
examined and summarized in print. Our Colonial and 
Revolutionary history has been studied in its details, 
Avhich is the onh' way to fully realize it. The men of 
to-daj' have been connected with Colonial and Revo- 
lutionary times. The children of the coming century 
will find their ancestral records all prepared for them, 
and they will be face to face with high standards of 
duty and effort. 

THE SOCIETY OF COLONIAL WARS, 

Instituted in 1892, is open to lineal male descendants 
of civil or military officers, or of soldiers, who served 
the colonies between May 13, 1607 (Jamestown) and 
April 19, 1775 (Lexington). 

THE SOCIETY OF AJNIERICAN WARS, 

Founded in 1897, includes the lineal male descendants 
of soldiers or civil officers from 1607 to 1783, and of 
officers of the War of 1812, of the War with Mexico, 
and of the Civil War. 

THE ORDER OF THE FOUNDERS AND PATRIOTS OF 

AMERICA , 

Founded in 1896, is open to any male citizen of the 
United States who is llneall}^ descended in the male 
line of either parent from an ancestor who settled in 
any of the colonies between 1607 and 1657, and whose 
intermediate ancestors jidhered as patriots to the cause 
of the colonists throughout the War of the Revolution. 



PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 101 

THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI, 

Instituted in 1783 is composed of descendants of offi- 
cers of the Revolutionary army, usually the eldest male 
direct descendant. 

THE AZTEC CLUB, 

Founded in 1847, is open to the descendants of offi- 
cers of the army who served in Mexico, usually the eld- 
est male direct descendant. 

THE MILITARY ORDER OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE 

UNITED STATES, 

Founded in 1865, is composed of officers who served in 
the War of the Rebellion, and of their eldest direct male 
lineal descendants. 

THE SOCIETY OF THE WAR OF 1812, ORGANIZED IN 1814, 

Is composed of lineal male descendants of soldiers or 
sailors of the War of 1812. 

THE NAVAL ORDER OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Instituted in 1890, is open to officers of the navy who 
have served in war, and to their male descendants, etc.; 
and also to enlisted men who have received a Medal 
of Honor from the United States for bravery. 

THE SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 

Instituted in 1875, must prove their descent from a Rev- 
olutionary ancestor. The Sons of the Revolution (1876) 
is organized on the same basis. It is expected that 
these two large societies will be consolidated. 

THE HOLLAND SOCIETY, 

Incorporated in 1775, is composed of the direct male 
descendants of Hollanders resident in America before 
1675. 



102 PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 

THE HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 

Organized in 1883, admits descendants of Huguenots 
^vho came to America before 1787. 

THE SOCIETY OF COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA, 

Organized in 1891, is composed of women descended 
from an ancestor who held an office of importance in 
the colonies previous to 1750. 

There are various other societies for women, of 
which the most important are Daughters of the Am- 
erican Revolution, founded in 1890; and Daughters of 
the Revolution, founded in 1891 ; and there is also a 
society of Children of the American Revolution, founded 
in 1895. 

THE SOCIETY OF "MAYFLOWER" DESCENDANTS, 

Organized in 1894, includes male and female descend- 
ants of the passengers of the Maj^flower (1620). 

MEDAL OF HONOR LEGION. 

The one decoration that is given by the government 
of the United States is the Medal of Honor, which \vas 
authorized by acts of Congress of 1862 and 1863 to 
be awarded to officers and enlisted men of the army for 
"gallantry'- in action and soldier-like equalities during the 
present insurrection." It has been bestowed onh- for 
conspicuous services. For example the Twentj^-seventh 
Regiment of Maine Infantry' was present on the field 
where the battle of Gettysburg was fought, and its term 
of service had expired. The entire regiment, to a man, 
volunteered to remain on the field and fight the battle; 
and for this gallant conduct a medal ^vas awarded to 
each officer and man. A Naval Medal of Honor is also 
awarded by the government and it is highh^ prized. 



FORE-NAMES OF MEN 



103 



FORE-NAMES OE MEN. 

AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE. 



Aaron : Lofty ; inspired. 

Abdiel ; The servant of God. 

Abel : Breath, vanity. 

Abiathar: Father of plenty. 

Abiel: Father of strength. 

Abiezer: Father of help. 

Abijah: To whom Jehovah is a 
father. 

Abner: Father of light. 

Abraham: Father of a multitude. 

Abram: Father of elevation. 

Absalom: Father of peace. 

Adam: Man; earth-man; red earth. 

Adiel: The ornament of God. 

Adin, or Adino: Tender; delicate; 
soft. 

Adolph or Adolphus: Noble wolf; 
i.e., noble hero. 

Adoniram: Lord of height. 

Alaric: All-rich; or, noble ruler. 

Albert: Nobly bright, illustrious. 

Alexander: A defender of men. 

Alfred: Elf in council; good coun- 
sellor. 

Algernon: With whiskers. 

Allan: Corruption of ^lienus. 

Almon: Hidden. 

Alonzo: Same as Alphonso. 

Alpheus: Exchange. 

Alphonso: All-ready; willing. 

Alvah, or Alvan : Iniquity. 
Alvin or Alwin: Beloved by all. 
Amariah: Whom Jehovah prom- 
ised. 
Amasa: A burden. 
Ambrose: Immortal; divine. 
Ammi: My people. 
Amos: Strong; courageous. 
Andrew: Strong, manly. 



Andronicus: A conqueror of men- 
Anselm, or Ansel: Protection of 

man, 
Anthony or Antony: Priceless; 

praiseworthy. 
Apollos: Of Apollo. 
Archelaus: Ruler of the people. 
Archibald: Extremely bold; or, 

holy prince. 
Ariel: Lion of God; valiant for 

God. 
Aristarchus: A good prince. 
Arnold: Strong as an eagle, 
Artemas: Gift of Artemis, or 

Minerva. 
Arthur: High, noble. 
Asa: Healer; physician. 
Asahel : Made of God. 
Asaph: A collector. 
Asarelah: Upright to God. 
Ashbel: Fire of Bel. 
Asher: Happy, fortunate. 
Ashur: Black, blackness. 
Athanasius: Immortal, 
Athelstan: Noble stone. 
Aubrey: Ruler of spirits. 
Augustin, Augustine, or Austin: 

Belonging to Augustus. 
Augustus: Exalted, imperial. 
Aurelius: Golden, 
Azariah: Helped of the Lord. 

Baldwin : Bold, courageous friend. 

Baptist: A baptizer; purifier. 

Barachias: Whom Jehovah has 
blessed, 

Bardolph: A distinguished helper. 

Barnabas or Barnaby: Son of con- 
solation. 



104 



FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 



Bartholomew: A warlike son. 
Barzillai: Iron of the Lord; firm; 

true. 
Basil: Kingly; royal. 
Benedict: Blessed. 
Benjamin: Son of the right hand. 
Benoni: Son of grief or trouble. 
Beriah: In calamity. 
Bernard: Bold as a bear, 
Bertram: Bright raven. 
Bethuel: Man of God. 
Bezaleel: In the shadow of God. 
Boniface: A benefactor. 
Brian: Strong. 
Bruno: Brown. 

Cadwallader: Battle-arranger. 

Caesar: Hairy; or blue-eyed. 

Cain: Gotten, or acquired. 

Caleb: A dog. 

Calvin: Bald. 

Cecil: Dim-sighted. 

Cephas: A stone. 

Charles: Strong; manly; noble- 
spirited. 

Christian: A believer in Christ, 

Christopher: Bearing Christ. 

Clarence: Illustrious. 

Claudius, or Claude: Lame. 

Clement: Mild-tempered, merciful, 

Conrad: Bold in council; resolute. 

Constant: Firm, faithful. 

Constantine: Resolute, firm. 

Cornelius: Horn. 

Crispin, Crispus, or Crispian: Hav- 
ing curly hair. 

Cuthbert: Noted splendor, 

Cyprian: Of Cyprus. 

Cyril: Lordly, 

Cyrus: The sun, 

Dan: A judge, 

Daniel: A divine judge. 

Darius; Perserver. 



David: Beloved. 
Demetrius: Belonging to Ceres. 
Denis, or Dennis: Same Dionysius. 
Dexter: The right hand. 
Dionysius: Belonging to Dionysos, 

or Bacchus the god of wine. 
Donald: Proud chief. 
Duncan: Brown chief, 

Eben: A stone. 

Ebenezer: The stone of help. 

Edgar: A javelin (or protector) of 

property. 
Edmund: Defender of property. 
Edward: Guardian of property. 
Edwin: Gainer of property. 
Egbert: The sword's brightness; 

famous with the sword. 
Elbert: Same as Albert. 
Eldred: Terrible. 

Eleazer: To whom God is a help. 
Eli: A foster son. 
Eliab: God is his father. 
Eliakim: Whom God sets up, 
Elias: The same as Elijah. 
Elihu: God the Lord. 
Elijah: Jehovah is my God. 
Eliphalet: God of salvation. 
Elisha: God my salvation, 
Elizur: God is my rock. 
Ellis: A variation of Elisha. 
Elmer: Noble, excellent. 
EInathan: God gave. 
Emmanuel: God with us. 
Emery, Emmery or Emory: Pow- 

ful, rich. 
Eneas: Praised, commended. 
Enoch: Consecrated, dedicated. 
Enos: Man. 

Ephraim: Very fruitful. 
Erasmus: Lovely; worthy to be 

loved. 
Erastus: Lovelv, amiable. 



FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 



105 



Eric: Rich, brave, powerful. 
Eriiest, Ernestus: Earnest. 
Esau: Covered with hair. 
Ethan: Firmness, strength. 
Eugene: Well-born ; noble. 
Eusebius: Pious, godly. 
Eustace: Healthv, strong; standing 

firm. 
Evan: Same as John. 
Everard: Strong as a wild boar. 
Ezekiel: Strength of God. 
Ezra: Help. 

Felix: Happy; prosperous. 
Ferdinand or Fernando: Brave, 

valiant. 
Festus: Joyful, glad. 
Francis: Free. 
Frank, Franklin: Contraction of 

Francis. 
Frederic or Frederick: Abounding 

in peace, peaceful ruler. 

Gabriel: Man of God. 
Gad: A troop, or company, 
Gaius: Rejoiced. 
Gamaliel: Recompense of God. 
Geoffrey: vSame as Godfrey. 
George: A landholder, husband- 
man. 
Gerald: Strong with the spear. 
Gershom: An exile. 
Gideon: A destroyer. 
Gilbert: Yellow-bright; famous. 
Giles: A kid. 
Given: Gift of God. 
Goddard: Pious, virtuous. 
Godfrey: At peace with God. 
Godwin: Good in war. 
Gregory: Watchful, 
Griffith: Having great faith. 
Gustavus: A warrior, hero. 
Guy: A leader. 



Hannibal: Grace of Baal. 

Harold: A champion; general of 
an army. 

Heman: Faithful. 

Henry: The head or chief of a 
house. 

Herbert: Glory of the army. 

Hercules; Lordly fame. 

Herman: A warrior. 

Hezekiah: Strength ai the Lord. 

Hilary: Cheerful, merry. 

Hillel: Praise. 

Hiram: Most noble. 

Homer: A pledge, security. 

Horace, Horatio: Oak wood; or 
worthy to be loved. 

Hosea: Salvation. 

Howell: Sound, whole. 

Hubert: Bright in spirit; soul- 
bright. 

Hugh, or Hugo: Mind, spirit, soul. 

Humphrey : Protector of the home. 

Ichabod: The glory is departed. 
Ignatius: Ardent, fiery. 
Immanuel: Same as Emmanuel. 
Increase: Increase of faith. 
Ingram: Raven, 
Inigo: Same as Ignatius (Spanish 

form). 
Ira: Watchful. 
Isaac: Laughter. 
Isaian: Salvation of the Lord, 
Israel: A soldier of God. 
Ishmael: Afflicted her. 
Ithiel: God is with me. 
Ivan: Same as John (Russian 

form), 

Jabez: He will cause pain. 
Jacob: A supplanter. 
Jairus: He will enlighten. 
James: Same as Jacob. 



106 



FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 



Japheth: Enlargement. 
Jared: Descent. 
_ason: A healer. 
Jasper: Treasure master. 
Javan: Clay, supple. 
Jsdediah: Beloved of the Lord. 
Jeffrey: Same as Godfrey. 
Jeremiah, Jeremias, or Jerome: 

Exalted of the Lord. 
Jerome: Holy name. 
Jesse: Wealth. 
Jesus: Same as Joshua. 
Joab: Jehovah is his father. 
Job: Afflicted, persecuted. 
Joel: The Lord is God. 
John: The gracious gift of God. 
Jonah, or Jonas: A dove. 
Jonathan: Gift of Jehovah. 
Joseph: He shall add. 
"oshua: The Lord is welfare, 
Josiah or Josias: Given of the 

Lord, 
fotham: The Lord is upright. 
Judah: Praised. 
Julian: Sprung from, or belonging 

to Julius. 
Julius: Soft-haired, 
Justin, or Justus: Just. 

Kenelm: A defender of his kindred, 
Kenneth: A leader, commander. 

Laban: White, 

Lambert: Illustrious with landed 
possessions. 

Lancelot: A little angel; other- 
wise a little lance or warrior; or 
a servant. 

Laurence or Lawrence: Crowned 
with laurel. 

Lazarus: God will help. 

Leander: Lion man, 

Lebbeus: Praise. 



Lemuel: Created by God, 

Leonard: Strong, or brave as a 
lion. 

Leonldas: Lion-like, 

Leopold: Bold for the people. 

Levi: Adhesion, 

Lewis: Bold warrior, 

Linus: P laxen-haired, 

Lionel: Young lion. 

Lewellyn: Lightning. 

Loammi: Not my people. 

Lodowic: Same as Ludovic or 
Lewis. 

Lorenzo: same as Laurence (Span- 
ish and Italian form). 

Lot: A veil, covering. 

Louis: Same as Lewis. 

Lubin: Beloved friend. 

Lucian: Belonging to or sprung 
from Lucius. 

Lucius: Born at break of day, 

Ludovic: Same as Lewis. 

Luke: Light-giving, 

Luther: Illustrious warrior. 

Lycurgus: Wolf-driver. 

Madoc: Good, beneficent. 
Malaohi: Messenger of the Lord. 
Manasseh: Forgetfulness, 
Marcellus: Diminutive of Marcus] 
Marcius: Same as Marcus, 
Marcus or Mark: A hammer, other- 
wise, a male, or sprung from 
Mars. 
Marmaiuke: A mighty noble. 
Martin: Of Mars; warlike. 
Matthew: Gift of Jehovah. 
Matthias: Gift of the Lord, 
Maurice: Corruption of Amabuc. 
(himmelreich); the kingdom of 
heaven. 
Maximillian: The greatest Aemili- 
anus. 



FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 



107 



Meredith: Sea-protector. 
Micah: Who is like the Lord? 
Michael: Who is like to God? 
Miles: A soldier. 
Morgan: A seaman, a dweller on 

the sea. 
Moses: Drawn out of the water. 

Naaman: Pleasantness. 
Nahum: Consolation. 
Napoleon: Lion of the forest-dell. 
Nathan: Given, a gift. 
Nathanael, or Nathaniel: The gift 

of God. 
Neal or Neil: Dark, swarthy; 

otherwise (Celtic) chief. 
Nehemiah: Comfort of the Lord. 
Nicholas or Nicolas: Victory of 

the people. 
Noah: Rest, comfort. 
Noel: (Dies Natalis) Christmas; 

Born on Christmas Day. 
Norman: A Northman, native of 

Normandy. 

Obadiah: Servant of the Lord. 

Obed: Serving God. 

Octavius or Octavus: The eighth- 
born. 

Oliver: An olive tree. 

Orestes: A mountaineer. 

Orlando: Same as Rowland, 

Oscar: Bounding warrior. 

Osmond or Osmund: Protection 
of God. 

Oswald or Oswold: Power of God. 

Owen: Lamb, otherwise, young 
warrior. 

Ozias: Strength of the Lord. 

Patrick: Noble; a patrician. 
Paul, Paulinus, or Paulus: Little- 
Peleg: Division. 
Peregrine: A stranger. 



Peter: A rock. 
Philander: A lover of men. 
Philemon: Loving, friendly. 
Philip: A lover of horses. 
Phineas, or Phinehas: Mount of 

brass. 
Pius: Pious, dutiful. 
Polycarp: Much fruit. 
Ptolemy: Mighty in war. 

Quintin: The fifth. 

Ralph: Same as Rodolphus. 
Randal: House-wolf. 
Raphael: The healing of God. 
Raymond, or Raymund: Wise pro 

tection. 
Reginald: Strong ruler. 
Reuben: Behold, a son. 
Reuel: Friend of God. 
Reynold: Same as Reginald. 
Richard: Rich-hearted, powerful. 
Robert: bright in fame. 
Roderic or Roderick: Rich in 

fame. 
Rodolph or Rodolphus: Famous 

wolf or hero. 
Roger: Famous with the spear. 
Roland or Rowland: Fame of the 

land, 
Rudolph or Rudolphus: Variations 

of Rodolphus. 
Rufus; Red, red-haired. 
Rupert: Same as Robert. 

Salmon: Shady. 

Samson, or Sampson: Splendid 

sun, great joy and felicity. 
Samuel: Heard of God; asked for 

of God. 
Saul: Asked for. 
Seba: Eminent. 

Sebastian: Venerable, reverend. 
Septimus: The seventh born. 



108 



FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 



Sereno or Serenus: Calm, peace- 
ful. 

Seth: Appointed. 

Shadrach: Rejoicing in the way. 

Sigismund: Conquering, protec- 
tion. 

Silas: A contraction of Silvanus. 

Silvanus: Living in a wood. 

Silvester: Bred in the country 
rustic. 

Simeon, Simon: Hearing with ac- 
ceptance. 

Solomon: Peaceable. 

Stephen: A crown. 

Swithin: Strong friend. 

Sylvanus: Same as Silvanus. 

Sylvester: Same as Silvester. 

Tertius: the third born. 
Thaddeus: The wise. 
Theobald: Bold for the people. 
Theodore: The gift of God. 
Theodoric: Powerful among the 

people. 
Theophilus: A lover of God. 
Theron: A hunter. 
Thomas: A twin. 
Timothy: Fearing God. 
Titus: Honorable. 
Tobiah or Tobias: Distinguished 

of the Lord, 
Tristram: Grave, pensive, melan- 
- choly, sorrowful, sad. 
Tybalt: Same as Theobald. 



Ulysses: A hater. 

Urban: Of the town; courteous; 

polished. 
Uriah: Light of the Lord. 
Urian: A husbandman. 
Uriel: Light of God. 

Valentine: Strong, healthy, pow- 
erful. 
Vicesimus: The twentieth born. 
Victor: A conqueror. 
Vincent: Conquering. 
Vivian: Lively. 

Walter: Ruling the roast. 

William: Resolute helmet, or hel- 
met of resolution; defence; pro- 
tector. 

Winfred: Win-peace. 

Zabdiel: Gift of God. 

Zaccheus: Innocent, pure. 

Zachariah, or Zachery: Remem- 
bered of the Lord. 

Zadok: Just. 

Zebediah or Zebedee: Gift of the 
Lord. 

Zebina: Bought. 

Zebulon: Dwelling. 

Zedekiah: Justice of the Lord. 

Zelotes: A zealot. 

Zei.as: Gift of Jupiter. 

Zephaniah: Hid of the LoreL 



FORE-NAMES OF WOMEN. 109 

FORE-NAMES OE WOMEN. 

AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE. 

Abigail : My father's joy. Belinda: From Bella, Isabella, Eliz- 

Achsa: Anklet. abeth. 

Ada: The same as Edith. Benedicta; Feminine of Benedic- 

Adela, Adelaide, or Adeline: Of tus. 

noble birth, a princess. Bertha: Bright; beautiful. 

Agatha: Good, kind. Betsey: A corruption of Elizabeth. 

Agnes: Chaste, pure. Blanch, or Blanche: White. 

Alberta: Feminine of Albert. Bona: Good. 

Alethea: Truth. Bridget: Strength, 

Alexandra, or Alexandrina: Femi- 
nine of Alexander. Camilla: Attendant at a sacrifice 
Alice, or Alicia: Same as Adeline. Caroline: Femmine of Carolus or 
Almira: Lofty; a princess. Charles. 

Althea: A healer. Cassandra: One who inflames with 

Amabel: Loveable. love. 

Amanda: Worthy to be loved. Catharina, Catharine, or Catherine 

Amelia: Busy, energetic. Pure. 

Amy: Beloved. Cecilia or Cecily: Feminine Oi. 

Angelica, Angelina: Lovely, an- Cecil. 

gelic, Celestine: Heavenly. 

Ann, Anna, or Anne: Grace. Celia: Feminine of Coelus, 

Annabella: Feminine of Hannibal. Charlotte: Feminine of Charles. 
Annette: Variation of Anne. Chloe: A green herb; blooming. 

Antoinette: Diminutive of Anto- Christiana, or Christma: Feminme 

nia. of Christianus. 

Antonia,or Antonina: Inestimable. Cicely: A variation of Celia. 
Arabella: A fair altar; otherwise, Clara: Bright, illustrious. 

corruption of Orabllia, a praying Clarice, or Clarissa: A variation of 
woman. Clara. 

Ariana: A corruption of Ariadne. Claudia: Feminine of Claudius. 
Augusta: Feminine of Augustus. Clementina, orClementme; Mild, 
Aurelia: Feminine of Aurelius. gentle. 

Aurora: Morning redness; fresh; Constance: Firm, constant. 

brilliant. Cora: Maiden; a form of Corinna. 

Azubah; Deserted. Cornelia: Feminine of Cornelius. 

Cynthia: Belonging to Mount 
Barbara: Foreign ; strange. Cynthus. 

Beatrice,6r Beatrix : Making happy. 



110 



FORE-NAMES OF WOMEN. 



Deborah: A bee, 

Delia: of Delos. 

Diana: Goddess. 

Diantha: Flower of Jove; a pink. 

Dinah: Judged. 

Dora: A variation of Dorothea, 

Dorcas: A gazelle. 

Dorinda: Same as Dorothea. 

Dorothea, or Dorothy: Gift of 

God. 
Drusilla: Dew watered. 

Edith: Happiness; otherwise rich 
gift. 

Edna: Pleasure. 

Eleanor, or Elinor: Light; same as 
Helen. 

Elisabeth, Elizabeth, or Eliza: Wor- 
shiper of God; consecrated to 
God. 

Ella: A contraction of Eleanor. 

Ellen: A diminutive of Eleanor, 

Elvira: White. 

Emeline, or Emmeline: Energetic, 
industrious. 

Emily, or Emma: Same as Eme- 
line. 

Ernestine: feminine and diminu- 
tive. 

Esther: A star; good fortune. 

Ethelind, or Ethelinda: Noble 
snake, 

Eudora: Good gift. 

Eugenia, or Eugenie: Feminine of 
Eugene. 

Eulalia: Fair speed. 

Eunice: Happy victory. 

Euphemia: Of good report. 

Eva: Same as Eve. 

Evangeline: Bringing glad news. 

Eve: Life. 

Evelina, or Eveline: Diminutive 
of Eva, 



Fanny: Diminutive of Frances, 

Faustina: Fortunate; lucky. 

Felicia: Happiness. 

Fidelia: Faithful. 

Flora: Flowers; goddess of flowers 

and spring. 
Florence: Blooming; flourishing. 
Frances: Feminine of Francis. 
Frederica: Feminine of Frederick 

Georgiana, orGeorgina: Feminine 

of George. 
Geraldine: Feminine of Gerald. 
Gertrude: Spear-maiden. 
Grace or Gratia: Grace, favor. 
Griselda: Stone; heroine. 

Hannah: Same as Anna. 

Harriet, or Harriot: Feminine of 

Henry. 
Helen, or Helena: Light. 
Henrietta: Feminine diminutive 

of Henry. 
Hephzibah: My delight is in her. 
Heiter, or Hestha: Same as Esther, 
Hilaria: Feminine of Hilary. 
Honora, or Honorfa: Honorable. 
Hortensia: A lady gardener. 
Huldah: A weasel. 

Ida: Happy. 
Inez: Same as Agnes. 
Irene: Peaceful. 

Isabel, or Isabella: Same as Eliza- 
beth. 

Jane, or Janet: Feminine of John. 
Jaqueline, Feminine of James. 
Jean, Jeanne, or Jeannette: Same 

as Jane or Joan. 
Jemima: A dove. 
Jerusha: Possessed, married. 
Joan, Joanna, Johanna: Feminine 

of John, 



PORE-NAMES OF WOMEN. 



Ill 



Josepha, or Josephine: Feminine 

of Joseph, 
Joyce: Sportive 
Judith: Praised. 
Julia: Feminine of Julius. 
Juliana: Feminine of Julian. 
Juliet: Diminutive of Julia. 
Justina: Feminine of Justin. 

Katharine, or Katherine: Same as 

Catharine. 
Keturah: Incehse. 
Keziah: Cassia. 

Laura: A laurel. 

Laurinda: A variation of Laura. 

Lavinia: Of Latium. 

Leonora: Same as Eleanor. 

Letitia: Happiness. 

Leitice: A variation of Letitia. 

Lillian, or Lilj: A lily. 

Lois: Good; desirable. 

Lorinda: A variation of Laurinda. 

Louisa, or Louise: Feminine of 
Louis. 

Lucia: Same as Lucy. 

Lucinda: Same as Lucy. 

Lucrece, or Lucretia: Gain; other- 
wise, light. 

Lucy: Feminine of Lucius. 

Lydia: A native of Lydia. 

Mabel: A contraction of Amabel. 
Madeline: French form of Magde- 

lene. 
Magdalene: A native of Magdala. 
Marcella: Feminine of Marcellus. 
Marcia: Feminine of Marcius. 
Margaret: A pearl. 
Maria: Same as Mary. 
Marianne: A compound of Mary 

and Anne. 

Marion: A French form of Mary. 



Martha: The ruler of the house; 
other wise, sorrowful, melancholy. 

Mary: Bitter; otherwise, their re- 
bellion; or, star of the east. 

Mathilda, or Matilda: Mighty bat- 
tle-maid; heroine. 

Maud: A contraction of Matilda; 
or Madalene. 

May: Month of May; or Mary. 

Mehetabel, Mehitabel: Benefited 
of God. 

Melicent: Sweet-singer ; otherwise 
working strength. 

Melissa: A bee, 

Mildred: Mild threatener. 

Miranda: Admirable. 

Miriam: Same as Mary. 

Myra: She who weeps or laments. 

Nancy: A familiar form of Anne. 
Nora: A contraction of Helenora; 
Honora; and of Leonora. 

Octavia: Feminine of Octavius. 
Olive, or Olivia: An olive. 
Ophelia: A serpent. 
Olympia: Heavenly. 

Paula, Paulina, or Pauline: Femi- 
nine of Paulus or Paul. 
Penelope: A weaver. 
Persis: A Persian woman. 
Phebe, or Phoebe: Pure, radiant^ 
Philippa: Feminine of Philip. 
Phillis, Phyllis: A green bough. 
Polly: A diminutive of Mary. 
Priscilla: Advanced in years. 
Prudence: In Latin Prudentia. 

Rachel: An ewe. 

Rebecca, or Rebekah: of enchant- 
ing beauty. 
Rhoda: A rose. 
Rosa: A rose. 



W- -> -.;/'A.cii*i*«-'»-— •-**-^^ 







kAJUbi, 




A. 

PATERNAL HEAD [ ajjd materia at. ] qE THE IIOLISEHOT D. 

My full name is: 



Place of my hirfh : 


Date of mil birth: 


School attended: 


Residence: 


Occupation: 


Positions held, traits of character, etc. : 




fSS' Information of ray forefathers given on payes B, D, F. 

Place of my marriage : Date of my marnape : 


Full maiden name of my wife: 


Place of her birth : 


Date of her birth : 


School attended: 


Her attainments, traits of character, etc.: 




SS' Information of h&r forefathers given on pages C, E, G. 


Christian Names of Our Children: 

Jst Child: 


Full Names to Whom Married: 

^farried to: 



Born: 



Dird: 



Date of marriage: 



2nd Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died : 


Date of marriage: 


3rd Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriage: 


4th Child 




Married to: 


Born • 


- Pip-I: 


Date of marriage: 


5th Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriage: 


6th Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriage: 



#jr'When married further information given on pages H, I. J. 



B. 

MY PARENTS. 

My father's full name is: 

^l^!:i.9f.M?l}J:!A:. ^aie of his hirih : 

f^esidence: Occupation: 

Positions held, traits of character, etc. : 

^l^S.L^L!'J.?Ai^.!A\. ^ate of his death : 

/Ikf Information of his forefatliers g^iven on page D. 

Place of their marriage : Date of their marriage : 

Full maiden name of his wife: 

Place of her birth : Date of her birth : 

Her attainments, traits of character, etc. : 

Place of her death : Date of her death : 

i8S~ Information of her forefathers given on page F. 

Christian Names of Tiielr Children : Full Names to Whom Married : 

Jst Child: Married to: 

Born: Died: Date of niarriaere: 
I 

2nd Child: Married to : 

Born: Died: Date of ninrrintre: 

3rd Child: .Married to: 

Born: Died: Date of marriapo: 

ith Child: Married to: 

Born: Died: Date of marriage: 

5th Child: Married to: 

Born: Died: Date of marriage: 

6th Child: Married to: 

Born: Died: Dite of marriage: 



c. 

MY WIFE'S PARENTS. 

Mil wife's fathefs full name is: 

Place of his birth : Date of his birth : 

Residence : Occupation : 

Positions held, traits of character, etc.: 

Place of h is dea th : Da te of h is dea th : 

4®" laformation of his forefathers g-iven on page E. 

Place of their marriage : Date of their majrifigej. 

Full maiden name of his wife: 

Place of her birth : P.l^L9l.J}.^LP.!Li^..i. 

Her attainments, traits of character, etc.: 



Place of her death : P^.^.L^f.A^lA^.^JA: 

■ Information of her forefathers given on pag-e G. 



Christian Names of Their Children : Full Names to Whom Married : 

1st Child: ^HJ.MJ.9.:.. 

Born: Died: ..^^*?..9.t..™.^r.r.'.^?.^A 

2nd Child: K^JjMl^:.. 

Born: Died: Date of marriage: 

3rd Child: ¥3nM.l'^.:. 

Born: Died: Date of marriage: 

Mh Child: E^JjMJ.9i 

Born : D ied : Date of marriage; 

5th Child: ^^.UMJ.^:.. 

Born: Died: ^^*?..?.L'?.?r.f.-^?.^.". 

6tn Child: ^f^UMJli 

Born: Died: Date of marriage: 



D. 



MY FATHER'S PARENTS. 

My Father's father's full name is: 



Place of his birth: 


Date of his birth: 


Residence: 


Occupation: 


His father's full name was: 




■ 


Place of his death: 


Date of his death: 


Place of their marriage : 


Date of their marriage : 


Full maiden name of his wife: 




Date of her birth : 


Her father's full name iras: 


Her mother's full maiden name was: 


Place of her death : 


Date of her death: 




Christian Names of Their Children: 
1st Child: 


Full Names to Whom Married: 

Married to: 


Born: Dlrd: 


Date of niarriatre: 


2nd Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriafre: 


3rd Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of rtiarriajre: 


4th Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marrincre: 



SthChild: 

Born: 



Died: 



Marri'-d to: 

Date of marriacre: 



6th Child: 

Born: 



Married to: 



Died: 



Date of marriape: 



E. 



MY WIFE'S FATHER'S PARENTS. 

Mil wife's Father s fa f Iter's full name is: 



PJaee ofhlsUrth: 


Date of his birth: 


Residence: 


Occupation : 


His father s fittl name /ras: 


His mother'' s futl maiden name was: 


Place of h is dea th : 


Date of his death: 


Place of their marriaqe : 


Da te of their marriage : 


Futl maiden name of his wife: 




Date of her birth : 


Her father's full name was: 




Place of her death: 


Date of her death: 




Christian Names of Their Children : 
1st Child: 


Full Names to Whom Married: 

Married to: 


Born: . D'lPd: 


Date of marriaere: 


2nd Child: 


Married to : 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


3rd Cliild: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriapre: 


4th Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


5th Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriage: 


6th Child: 


Married to: 



Born: 



Died: 



Date of marriage: 



F. 

MY MOTHER'S PARENTS. 

My Mother's father's full name is: 



Place of his 


birth: 




Bate of his birth: 


Residence: 






Occupation : 


ffis father's 


full name was 


. 




His mother\ 


f full maiden name was: 




Place of his 


death: 




Bate of his death: 


Place of their marriage: 




Date of their niarridfje: 


Full maiden 


name of his wife: 




Place of her birth : 




Date of her birth : 


Her father's 


full name was 


. 




Her mother's full maiden name was: 


Place of her death: 




Bate of her death : 




Christian Names of Th 
1st Child: 


eir Children: 


Full Names to Whom Married: 

Married to: 


Born: 




Died: 


Date of niarriaere: 


2nd Child: 






Married to: 


Born: 




Died: 


Date of niarriag-e: 


3rd Child: 






Married to: 


Born: 




Died: 


Date of niarriau'e: 


4th Child: 






Married to: 


Born: 




Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


5th Child: 






Married to: 


Born: 




Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


6th Child: 






Married to: 


Born : 




Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 



G. 

MY WIFE'S MOTHER'S PARENTS. 

Mil wife's Mother's father's full name is: 



Place of his birth : 


Date of his birth: 


Residence: 


Occupation : 


His father's full name was: 




* 


Place of his death: 


Date of his death: 




Date of their marriage: 


Full maiden name of his wife: 




Date of her birth : 


Her father's full name was: 




Place of her death : 


Date of her death: 




1st Child: 


Full Names to Whom Married: 

Married to : 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriage: 


2nd Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


3rd Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


4th Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriage: 


5th Child: 


Married to : 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


6fh Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriage: 



RECORD OF MY - 

Mil -.. th ChilcVs full name is. 



H. 

-TH CHILD'S MARRIAGE. 



Place of birth: 


Date of birth: 




School attended: 


Residence: 


Occupation : 




• 


Place of marriage : 


Date of marriage: 




Full name to ichom married: 


Place of birth : 


Date of birth: 






Rosidence: 


Occupation: 






Father's full name: 


}f other's full maiden name: 




Christian Names of Their Children: 
1st Child: 


Full Names to Whom 

Married to: 


Married: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriag'e: 




2nd Child: 


Married to: 




Born: Died: 


Date of marriage: 




3rd Child: 


Married to: 




Born: Died: 


Date of marriage: 




4th Child: 


Married to: 




Born: Died: 


Date of marriage: 




5th Child: 


Married to: 




Born: Died: 


Date of marriage: 






Married to: 




Born: Died: 


Date of marriage: 





RECORD Ol^ MY - 

My th Child's full name is. 



I. 

TH CIIII^D'S MARRTAGK. 



Place oflirtli: 


Date of hirth: 


School attended: 


Residence: 


Occupation : 


Traits of character, etc.: 


Place of marriage : 


Date of marriage : 


Full name to whom married: 


Place of birth : 


Date of birth: 


School attended: 


Residence: 


Occupation: 


Traits of character, etc. : 


Father's full name: 


Mother's full maiden name: 




Christian Names of Their Children: 
1st Child: 


Full Names to Whom Married: 

Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriage: 


2nd Child: 


Married to : 




Date of marriag-e: 


3rd Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


Ath Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


5th Child: 


Married to : 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


6th Child: 


Married to: 



Born: 



Died: 



Date of marriag-e: 



RECORD OF MY - 

My — th Child's full name is. 



J. 

-Til CHILD'S MARRIAGE, 



Place ofhirth: 




Date of birth: 




School attended : 


Residence: 




Occupation: 




Traits of character, etc. : 


Place of marriage: 




Date of marriage: 




Full name to whom married: 


Place of birth : 




Date ofhirtli: 




School attended: 


Residence: 




Orcu/jaiion: 




Traits of character, etc. : 


Father's full name: 


Mother's full maiden name: 




Christian Names of Th 
1st Child: 


eir Children: 


Full Names to Whom Married : 

.Married to: 




Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriaee: 




2nd Child: 




Married to: 




Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriagre: 




3rd Child: 




.Married to: 




Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriajre: 




iih Child: 




Married to: 




Born: 


Died: 


Date of niarriayo: 




5th Child: 




Married to: 




Born: 


Died : 


Date of niarriatre: 




Gth Child: 




Married to: 




Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriape: 





K. 

RECORD Ol^^ MY - Til CIITT^D'S MARRTAGK, 

Ml/ th Child's full name is: 



Place of birth : 


Date of birth : 




School attended: 


Residence: 


Occupation : 




Traits of character, etc. . 


Place of marriage : 


Date of marriage: 




Full name to whom married: 


Place of birth : 


Date of birth: 




School attended: 


Residence: 


Occupation: 




Traits of character, etc. : 


Fathef s full name : 






Christian Names of Their Children: 
1st Child: 


Full Names to Whom Married: 

Married to : 




Born: Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 




2nd Child: 


Married to: 






Date of marriag-e: 




3rd Child: 


Married to: 





Born: 



Died: 



Date of marriafre: 



mChild: 

Born: 



Married to: 

Date of marriag-e: 



Died: 



5th Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


6th Child: 




Married to: 



Born: 



Died: 



Date of marriape: 



NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF RELATIVES 

OR OTHER FACTS WHICH SHOULD BE RECORDED. 



/ 



/ 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

iflfiiilflifiiiiii 

018 458 972 2 



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